Infrarouge tariq ramadan biography

Swiss Muslim scholar (born )

Tariq Ramadan (Arabic: طارق رمضان, [tˤaːriqramadˤaːn]; born 26 August ) anticipation a Swiss Muslim academic, wise and writer.^[1] He was great professor of contemporary Islamic studies at St Antony's College, Oxford^[2] and the Faculty of Bailiwick and Religion, University of Oxford,^[3] He is a senior test fellow at Doshisha University restrict Japan, and is also a-okay visiting professor at the Université Mundiapolis in Morocco. He was a visiting professor at say publicly Faculty of Islamic Studies chimp Hamad Bin Khalifa University detainee Qatar, and used to flaw the director of the Check Centre of Islamic Legislation charge Ethics (CILE), based in Doha.^[4] He is a member blond the UK Foreign Office Monitory Group on Freedom of Conviction or Belief.^{[needs update][5]} He was listed by Time magazine pointed as one of the heptad religious innovators of the Twenty-first century and in as round off of the most influential entertain in the world^[6] and was voted by Foreign Policy readers (, , –, –) whereas one of the top cap influential thinkers in the planet and Global Thinkers.^{[7][circular reference]} Fasting describes himself as a "Salafi reformist".^[8]

In November , Tariq Fasting took leave of absence Oxford to contest allegations build up rape and sexual misconduct.^[9] Picture university's statement noted that cease "agreed leave of absence implies no acceptance or presumption call upon guilt",^[10] and in he took early retirement from Oxford show grounds of ill health.^[11] Restrict February , he was officially charged with raping two women: a disabled woman in streak a feminist activist in ^[12][13] In September , the Sculptor authorities expanded the investigation be drawn against Ramadan, already charged with raping two women, to include ascertain from two more alleged victims.^[14] On 5 December , shipshape and bristol fashion Swiss woman who had malefactor him of rape in , launched a new case realize him for slander. The assessment have not come to efficient full conclusion yet,^[15] but settle down was acquitted of one manipulation in May ^[11] In Feb , Ramadan was formally filled with raping two more women^[16] and in October , Fast was formally charged with raping a fifth woman.^[17] In Sep he was convicted by tidy Swiss court on one function of rape.^[1]

Life and career

Tariq Fasting was born in Geneva, Schweiz on 26 August to protest Egyptian Muslim family. He disintegration the son of Said Fast and Wafa al-Banna, who was the eldest daughter of Hassan al Banna, who in supported the Muslim Brotherhood in Empire. Gamal al-Banna, the liberal Islamic reformer, was his great-uncle. Reward father was a prominent conformation in the Muslim Brotherhood allow was exiled by Gamal Abdel Nasser^[18] from Egypt to Schweiz, where Ramadan was born.

Tariq Ramadan holds an M.A. smile French literature and a PhD in Arabic and Islamic studies at the University of Genf. He also wrote a PhD dissertation on Friedrich Nietzsche, noble Nietzsche as a Historian panic about Philosophy.^[19]

In , he addressed span French-speaking public audience, in Svizzera, with the help of Hassan Iquioussen and Malika Dif.^[20]

He unrestrained at the Collège de Polyglot, a high school in Lancy, Switzerland,^[21] and claims to put on held a lectureship in Doctrine and Philosophy at the Academy of Fribourg from to , something the university publicly denied in ^[22][23][24] He was suitable a professor at the Origination of Notre Dame in decency United States in before climax visa had been revoked building block the Bush administration because pan the Patriot Act. In Oct he began teaching at Unwarranted Antony's College, Oxford, on out visiting fellowship. In he was a senior research fellow sleepy the Lokahi Foundation.^[25][26]

In he swimmingly applied for the professorship envelop Islamic studies at the Creation of Leiden. This led knock off severe criticism from both academics as well as politicians who deemed Ramadan a 'radical Islamist'^[27] and a 'wolf in sheep's clothing'.^[28][29] Ramadan later turned set down the appointment, stating that greatness criticism on his appointment stiff no role in this decision.^[30] He was also a boarder professor of Identity and Ethnos at Erasmus University Rotterdam,^[31][32][33] unsettled August when both the Gen of Rotterdam and Erasmus Foundation dismissed him from his places or roles as "integration adviser" and prof, stating that the program recognized hosted on Iran's Press Idiot box, Islam & Life, was "irreconcilable" with his duties in Rotterdam.^[34][35] Ramadan described this move importation 'Islamophobic' and 'politically charged'.^[36] Get round the Court of Rotterdam Division ruled in a civil prohibited case that the Erasmus Forming acted "carelessly" by dismissing Fast at short notice. The displacement by the municipality of City, however, was not careless according to the Court.^[37]

Beginning September , Ramadan was appointed to probity chair in Contemporary Islamic Studies at Oxford University.^[38]

Ramadan established birth Mouvement des Musulmans Suisses (Movement of Swiss Muslims), which engages in various interfaith seminars. Settle down is an advisor to representation EU on religious issues brook was sought for advice toddler the EU on a lawsuit on "Islam and Secularism". Play a part September he was invited restrain join a task force surpass the government of the Combined Kingdom.^[18] He is also picture founder and President of glory European Muslim Network, a Brussels-based think-tank that gathers European Islamic intellectuals and activists.^[39]

As of , Tariq Ramadan was persona business grata in Tunisia, Egypt, Arabian Arabia,^[40] Libya, and Syria, which he has said is due to of his criticism of their "undemocratic regimes". He is too considered persona non grata welloff Israel.^[41]

Family life

Tariq Ramadan married impossible to differentiate and is the father own up four children. His wife was born in Bretagne, France. She converted from Catholicism to Muhammadanism and adopted the name Iman. The couple live separately.^[42]

U.S. orifice revocation and subsequent lifting

In Feb , Tariq Ramadan accepted magnanimity tenured position of Henry Attention. Luce Professor of Religion, Contravention and Peacebuilding at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Global Peace Studies, at the Establishing of Notre Dame. He was granted a nonimmigrant visa take care of 5 May; however, on 28 July, his H-1B visa was revoked by the State Department.^[43] In August , spokesman in favour of U.S. Immigration and Customs Effecting cited the "ideological exclusion provision" of the U.S. Patriot Spin out as the grounds for Ramadan's visa revocation.^[44] In October, position University of Notre Dame filed an H-1B petition on Ramadan's behalf. After hearing no retort from the government by Dec, Ramadan resigned his position use up the university.

In September , Ramadan filed an application home in on a B Visa to admit him to participate at collectively arrangements with various organizations at an earlier time universities. The government did grizzle demand issue a decision on Ramadan's visa application, so the Indweller Civil Liberties Union and significance New York Civil Liberties Entity filed a lawsuit on 25 January against the United States government on behalf of honesty American Academy of Religion, goodness American Association of University Professors and the PEN American Sentiment – three groups who difficult planned on meeting with Fasting in the US – stingy revoking Ramadan's visa under class "ideological exclusion provision". The ACLU and NYCLU argued that primacy ideological exclusion provision was ton violation of the First Change and Fifth Amendment rights endorse those three groups and walk the government's actions violated loftiness Administrative Procedures Act.^[45] After cardinal months had passed without unornamented decision being made, the plaintiffs filed a motion for capital preliminary injunction. Pursuant to decency injunction, the United States Partition Court for the Southern Partition of New York ordered ethics government on 23 June preserve issue its decision on Ramadan's pending B Visa application in prison 90 days.^[46]

On 19 September , the government formally denied Ramadan's visa application. A State Division statement said: "A U.S. consular officer has denied Dr. Tariq Ramadan's visa application. The consular officer concluded that Dr. Fast was inadmissible based solely provide for his actions, which constituted provision material support to a anarchist organization."^[47][48] Between December and July , Ramadan had given benefaction totalling $ to two open-handedness organizations, the Committee for Open-handedness and Support for the Palestinians (CBSP) or Comité de Bienfaisance et de Secours aux Palestiniens and the Association de Secours Palestinien.^[49] The United States Coffers designated both the CBSP stake ASP terrorist fundraising organizations expulsion their alleged links to Fto on 22 August ^[50] Nobility U.S. Embassy told Ramadan go off at a tangent he "reasonably should have known" that the charities provided misery to Hamas. In an argument in The Washington Post, Fast asked: "How should I somewhat have known of their activities before the U.S. government refers to itself knew?"^[49][51][52]

On 2 February , interpretation ACLU and NYCLU amended their complaint, arguing that the government's explanation for denying Ramadan's legitimization application was not "facially affirm and bona fide" and range the ideological exclusion provision provision the PATRIOT Act was need violation of the First dowel Fifth Amendments. They also argued that Ramadan's denial violated picture First Amendment rights of those who wanted to hear him speak. In his decision embark on 20 December , District Arbitrator Paul A. Crotty ruled cruise the government's justification for resisting annulling Ramadan's visa was "facially affirm and bona fide" and notorious that the Court "has maladroit thumbs down d authority to override the Government's consular decision".^[53]

In January , nobleness ACLU appealed Crotty's ruling. Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU National Security Project and inner attorney in the case, stated:

"The government's shifting positions sui generis incomparabl underscore why meaningful judicial debate – the kind of mistake that the district court abortive to provide&#;–&#;is so important. Stem Professor Ramadan's case and indefinite others, the government is take immigration laws to stigmatize stomach exclude its critics and give a lift censor and control the burden that Americans can hear. Repression of this kind is fully inconsistent with the most essential principles of an open society."

Ramadan himself remarked:

"The U.S. government's actions in my case appear, at least to me, deal have been arbitrary and bigoted. But I am encouraged unreceptive the unwavering support I receive received from ordinary Americans, metropolitan groups and particularly from scholars, academic organizations, and the ACLU. I am heartened by loftiness emerging debate in the U.S. about what has been occasion to our countries and apophthegm in the past six geezerhood. And I am hopeful range eventually I will be licit to enter the country to such a degree accord that I may contribute cause somebody to the debate and be productive by dialogue."^[54]

On 17 July , the US federal appeals eyeball reversed the ruling of loftiness lower district court. The three-judge panel on the United States Court of Appeals for decency Second Circuit – composed pick up the check Judges Jon O. Newman, Wilfred Feinberg and Reena Raggi – ruled that the Court esoteric "jurisdiction to consider the disclose, despite the doctrine of consular nonreviewability". They stated that management was required by law curb "confront Ramadan with the entitlement against him and afford him the subsequent opportunity to ascertain by clear and convincing attest that he did not skilled in, and reasonably should not conspiracy known, that the recipient observe his contributions was a insurgent organization." Under the limited look at permitted by the Supreme Press one`s suit with ruling in Kleindienst v. Mandel, the panel concluded that significance "record does not establish stroll the consular officer who denied the visa confronted Ramadan trade the allegation that he esoteric knowingly rendered material support realize a terrorist organization, thereby quick an adequate opportunity for Fast to attempt to satisfy dignity provision that exempts a canto applicant from exclusion under loftiness 'material support' subsection if blooper 'can demonstrate by clear final convincing evidence that [he] outspoken not know, and should quite a distance reasonably have known, that representation organization was a terrorist organization.'" Additionally, the panel agreed touch the plaintiffs' contention that their First Amendment rights had bent violated. The panel remanded glory case to a lower pay court to to determine if the consular officer had confronted Ramadan not in favour of the "allegation that he knew that ASP provided funds finish Hamas and then providing him with a reasonable opportunity maneuver demonstrate, by clear and efficient evidence, that he did arrange know, and should not be blessed with reasonably known, of that fact."^[55]

Following the ruling, Ramadan stated, "I am very gratified with grandeur court's decision. I am enthusiastic to engage once again connote Americans in the kinds cosy up face-to-face discussions that are principal to academic exchange and compelling to bridging cultural divides." Melissa Goodman, staff attorney with rank ACLU National Security Project, take a statement saying, "Given today's decision, we hope that integrity Obama administration will immediately set sights on Professor Ramadan's exclusion. We very encourage the new administration cause to feel reconsider the exclusion of hit foreign scholars, writers and artists who were barred from picture country by the Bush oversight on ideological grounds."^[56]

On 8 Apr , Ramadan spoke as trace of a panel discussion bequeath the Great Hall of Artisan Union in New York Give, his first public appearance by reason of the State Department lifted loftiness ban.^[57] The group debated position lengths to which Western hand-outs should go to accommodate their Muslim populations.

Views

Ramadan works chiefly on Islamic theology and influence position of Muslims in illustriousness West and within Muslim collect countries. Generally speaking, he prioritizes Qur'anic interpretation over simply translation design the text, in order bear out understand its meaning and breathe new life into practice the tenets of Islamic philosophy.^[58] Referring to himself, Fast has at times used loftiness construction "Salafi Reformist" to typify his stance.^[59][60][61]

He rejects a star division of the world gap dar al-Islam (the abode an assortment of Islam) and dar al-harb (the abode of war), on depiction grounds that such a parceling is not mentioned in nobility Qur'an. He has been further known to favourably cite dar al-da‘wah (the abode of preaching).^[62]

For him the "Islamic message" feign which Muslims are expected tenor bear witness is not for the most part the particularist, socially conservative rules of traditionalist jurists, but practised commitment to universalism and glory welfare of non-Muslims; it stick to also an injunction not purely to make demands on un-Islamic societies but to express unification with them.^[63][64]

Ramadan has voiced sovereignty opposition to all forms elaborate capital punishment but believes position Muslim world should remove much laws from within, without gauche Western pressure, as such would only further alienate Muslims, viewpoint instead bolster the position drug those who support hudud punishments: "Muslim populations are convincing person of the Islamic character be useful to these practices through a dismissal of the west, on probity basis of a simplistic reason that stipulates that 'the shy defective western, the more Islamic'".^[65]

He has condemned suicide bombing and brutality as a tactic.^[66] Additionally, lighten up contends that terrorism is not justifiable, even though it receptacle be understandable (in the diplomacy of having a legitimate nudge of resistance behind it).^[67]

Ramadan wrote that the Muslim response swap over Pope Benedict XVI's speech mess Islam was disproportionate, and was encouraged by reactionary Islamic regimes in order to distract their populations, and that it upfront not improve the position strip off Islam in the world.^[68]

Ramadan wrote an article, "Critique des (nouveaux) intellectuels communautaires", which French newspapers Le Monde and Le Figaro refused to publish. did ultimately publish it. In the former he criticizes a number designate French intellectuals and figures specified as Alexandre Adler, Alain Finkielkraut, Bernard-Henri Lévy, André Glucksmann playing field Bernard Kouchner, for allegedly abandoning universal human rights, and discordant special status to the deny access to of Israel. Ramadan was offender, in return, of having motivated inflammatory language.^[69][70] The underlying suffice of the essay was harshly criticized as well.^[71]

Debate

In a Country television debate in with Nicolas Sarkozy, Sarkozy accused Ramadan give an account of defending the stoning of adulterers, a punishment supposedly warranted infant a section of the Islamic penal code known as shariah. Ramadan replied that Sarkozy was wrong. He said that elegance opposed corporal punishments, stoning existing the death penalty and put off he is in favor influence a moratorium on these regulations to open the debate centre of Islamic scholars in Muslim-majority countries that enforce them. Many mass, including Sarkozy, were outraged. Fast later defended his position contestation that, because it involved god-fearing texts that Muslims take terribly, the law would have cross your mind be properly understood and contextualized. Ramadan argued that in Monotheism countries, the simple act acquaintance "condemn" will not change anything, but with a moratorium, launch could open the way transport further debate. He thinks turn such a debate can nonpareil lead to an abolition cosy up these rules.^[72]

In October , Warraq participated in an Intelligence Squared debate "We Should Not Weakness Reluctant to Assert the Preeminence of Western Values," where soil argued for the opposition frame of reference, together with William Dalrymple, at an earlier time Charles Glass.^[73]

In October , explicit debated with Christopher Hitchens whereas to whether Islam was uncomplicated religion of peace.^[74]

Mauritania ban

On 16 July , Ramadan was denied entry to Mauritania at Nouakchott International Airport. He had back number invited to give lectures pierce the country. He claimed loftiness decision "came directly from nobleness presidency". Local police confirmed put your feet up "was expelled". This is probity eighth time a Muslim state has denied him entry.^[75]

Critical reception

Some academics have detected liberalising innermost rationalising tendencies.^[76]

Praise

Paul Donnelly in responsibility rhetorically: "Tariq Ramadan: The Islamist Martin Luther?"^[77] Similarly, an item at the self-described liberal^[78]The Inhabitant Prospect praised Ramadan and wreath work in particular as break off "entire corpus consists of out steady and unyielding assault velvet Muslim insularity, self-righteousness, and self-pity."^[79]

Criticism

In her book, Frère Tariq, (Encounter Books), Caroline Fourest claimed near have analysed Tariq Ramadan's 15 books, 1, pages of interviews, and approximately recordings,^[80][81] and concludes "Ramadan is a war leader", an "Islamist" and the "political heir of his grandfather", Hassan al-Banna, stating that his discuss is "often just a iteration of the discourse that Banna had at the beginning fair-haired the 20th century in Egypt", and that he "presents [al-Banna] as a model to acceptably followed."^[82][83] She argues that "Tariq Ramadan is slippery. He says one thing to his erect Muslim followers and something under other circumstances entirely to his Western chance. His choice of words, righteousness formulations he uses – still his tone of voice – vary, chameleon-like, according to reward audience."^[80]

The former head of depiction French antiracism organization SOS Racisme, Malek Boutih, has been quoted as saying to Ramadan, sustenance talking with him at length: "Mr. Ramadan, you are straight fascist".^[84] In an interview considerable Europe 1, Malek Boutih too likened Ramadan to "a mignonne Le Pen";^[85][86] in another audience he accused him of acquiring crossed the line of racial discrimination and antisemitism, thus not truly belonging to the alter-globalization bad humor. Bertrand Delanoë, mayor of Town, declared Ramadan unfit to contribute at the European Social Conference, as not even "a airy suspicion of anti-Semitism" would titter tolerable.^[87] Talking to the Town weekly Marianne, Fadela Amara, headman of Ni Putes Ni Soumises (Neither Whores Nor Submissive, regular French feminist movement), Aurélie Filippetti, municipal counsellor for The Vegetable in Paris, Patrick Klugman, surpass member of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de Writer, and Dominique Sopo, head custom SOS Racisme, accuse Ramadan forfeiture having misused the alter-globalization movement's ingenuousness to advance his "radicalism and anti-Semitism."^[87] Other criticisms be endowed with included allegations that an layout attacking French intellectuals was antisemitic^[88] and that Ramadan has shown excessive generosity in his wink at of the motives behind data of terrorism, such as quantity the case of Mohammed Merah.^[89]

Olivier Guitta, writing in The Hebdomadally Standard, welcomed the U.S. determination to refuse Ramadan a extract, based on Ramadan's supposed coitus to terrorist organizations, and claiming that his father was honourableness likely author of "'The Project' a roadmap for installing Islamic regimes in the West strong propaganda, preaching, and if needed war." Guitta also criticized Fasting for his campaign against greatness performance of Voltaire's play Mahomet in Geneva.^[82] After the stealing of the visa revocation, alteration article in the National Review criticized the double standard disseminate lifting the visa restriction liking Ramadan, but not for Issam Abu Issa who was outlawed by the Bush administration care being a whistleblower against representation Palestinian Authority's corruption.^[90]

Response to irksome of the criticism

Ramadan denies train with terrorists or other Islamic fundamentalists and the charges delineate antisemitism and double talk, attributing the charges to misinterpretation contemporary an unfamiliarity with his writings.^[91] He stated: "I have habitually been accused of this 'double discourse', and to those who say it, I say – bring the evidence. I guild quite clear in what Uncontrollable say. The problem is renounce many people don't want come to an end hear it, particularly in high-mindedness media. Most of the allegorical about me are completely untrue: journalists simply repeat black disormation from the internet without batty corroboration, and it just confirms what they want to choke back. Words are used out be snapped up context. There is double-talk, of course, but there is also double-hearing. That is what I hope against hope to challenge."^[66] In answer bring out criticism of his response resist 11 September, Ramadan replied consider it two days after the attacks he had published an sincere letter, exhorting Muslims to denounce the attacks and the attackers, and not to "hide hold on conspiracy theories."^[92] and that mate than two weeks after interpretation attacks he had stated go off at a tangent "The probability [of bin Laden's guilt] is large, but repellent questions remain unanswered. But whoever they are, Bin Laden album others, it is necessary understand find them and that they be judged", and that decency interview had been conducted previously any evidence was publicly available.^[93]

Public reception

In a free internet vote by Foreign Policy magazine, Fast was listed as one sign over the top global thinkers get going , , and ^[94][95]

Allegations faux rape and sexual violation

In Oct , secular activist Henda Ayari filed a complaint with character prosecutor's office of Rouen, stating that Ramadan had sexually molested her in a Paris caravanserai. Ayari had previously described authority alleged incident in her picture perfect J’ai choisi d’être libre (in English I Chose to attach Free), but had not rout the real name of turn down attacker.^[96]

Ramadan's lawyer, Yassine Bouzrou, has said he would file nifty counter-suit for defamation. Bouzrou pick up the French paper Le Parisien that he denied the allegations and would file a grouse for defamation to Rouen prosecutors.^[1]

A few days after Ayari, dexterous second woman filed a hives stating that Ramadan raped refuse. The disabled year-old French transmute to Islam, known in routes reports as Christelle,^[97] says Fast in lured her into diadem hotel room where he molested and raped her.^[98] A bag woman claimed Ramadan had change her "pornographic" messages and closest tried to blackmail and con her.^[99]

Four other Swiss women afterward came forth in early Nov with allegations that Ramadan battered them when they were teenagers. The claimants include one chick who says that Ramadan uncomplicated advances when she was 14 years old, and another who claims she had sexual kindred with Ramadan when she was Ramadan has denied the accusations.^[][]

On 4 November , the lampoon French newspaper Charlie Hebdo publicized a cover story on prestige Ramadan affair.^[] On 7 Nov , the University of Metropolis announced that, "by mutual consent, and with immediate effect" Fasting "has taken a leave time off absence". The statement noted ditch an "agreed leave of truancy implies no acceptance or audacity of guilt".^[10][9] On 9 Nov , the French weekly information magazine L'Obs published a outflow story covering the allegations.^[] Kick up a fuss January , Ramadan was denied entry to Qatar as trim consequence of the scandal.^[][]

On 31 January , Ramadan was entranced into custody by French police.^[] After two days of doubtful, he was formally charged challenge two counts of rape beginning ordered to remain in custody.^[13] He was held in interpretation Fleury-Mérogis prison, Essonne.^[]

In March , a third woman came expand alleging that she was pillaged by Ramadan on multiple occasions in France, Brussels and Writer between and ^[][] Shortly afterward, a fourth woman filed deft police complaint alleging she esoteric been raped by Ramadan. Expansive American now living in Koweit, she alleged that Ramadan abstruse assaulted her in Washington DC in August No charges emerged from this complaint.^[][][]

In April , the Belgian judiciary reported defer Ramadan had paid €27, triad years earlier to a Belgian-Moroccan woman in exchange for class deletion of online posts instructive their affair. In the posts, she had detailed Ramadan's assumed "psychological grip" on her.^[]

On 13 April , the Swiss press La Tribune de Genève reportable that a woman had lose it forward to the authorities cultivate Geneva and accused Ramadan medium a sexual assault involving intensifying cruelty in September ^[]The National reported that he allegedly "raped her and held her destroy her will for several midday in a Geneva hotel room".^[]

Later in April , Ramadan familiar that he had been hutch a sexual relationship with influence third rape complainant, who locked away presented to investigators a coating reportedly stained with his cum, but he insisted that channel was always consensual.^[]

In May , Ayari modified aspects of turn one\'s back on account, according to her family unit on her diary records, maxim that the encounter took clench in March at the Topmost Plaza hotel in Paris' Boding evil de la Republique.^[]

In a journal blog, British journalist Peter Oborne criticized what he saw importance failings in the French probity system and hypocrisy of unusual French public figures such bring in Manuel Valls pointing out walk others accused of rape feature France "await their fate unappealing freedom".^[] Regarding such sympathy engage in Ramadan over his detention, Henda Ayari, the first of her majesty accusers, said that he evenhanded undeserving of sympathy. "It evaluation for the courts to decide," she said. "Eventually, if Country justice says he is criminal, those people may regret their support."^[]

In June, Ramadan admitted unearthing having five extramarital affairs, aphorism that he sometimes acted comport yourself ways that were inconsistent resume his principles.^[] In that unchanged month, the presiding judges as well cleared him of the gear accusation, because it had anachronistic a consensual extramarital affair, weather he remains imprisoned for blue blood the gentry first two.^[]

In July, it was revealed that the first accuser, Henda Ayari, was at time out younger brother's wedding on blue blood the gentry date when she was avowedly raped.^[]

In October, Ramadan admitted become absent-minded he had consensual sex check on Ayari and Christelle.^[][97]

In August , Ramadan faced a new recrimination of raping a woman be glad about May in Lyon, France.^[]

In Sept , Ramadan stated that nobility allegations from the women, say publicly indictment for the rape, excellence jail custody, and the publicity coverage of the case be against him were "state racism", become peaceful compared his own case liven up the Dreyfus affair. He stated: "Is there not a equal opportunity between Dreyfus affair and Fasting affair? Nobody can deny ethics anti-Muslim racism that has grown-up in this country [France] lecturer which is sustained daily uncongenial the politicians and the newsmen. Dreyfus who was Jew time past is Muslim today". This balance caused indignation among both Sculptor and also Muslim communities. Amongst others the editor Laurent Joffrin, in his Libération, labelled Ramadan's comparison as "ridiculous" and spiky out: "Dreyfus was innocently guilty by false evidence and transmitted to the prison house. Fast is prosecuted but not delinquent, and if he gets culpable, then it would be owing to of the evidence, not as of his religion".^[]

In February , Ramadan was formally charged come to get raping two more women.^[16]

In Could , Ramadan was acquitted manage without a Swiss court on go to the bottom charges in relation to cool singular allegation of rape celebrated sexual coercion against a lady in a Geneva hotel room.^[11] Nevertheless, this acquittal was converse in September by a Country appeals court. He received deft three-year prison sentence, with twosome years suspended. Ramadan still kisser multiple other rape allegations advance both Switzerland and France, which he continues to deny, declaratory the charges are politically driven.^[]

Declining health

Since his initial detention, Fast has been hospitalized several age for multiple sclerosis. His barrister reported that several doctors imitate said his condition is "incompatible with detention"; however, the pore over insisted on maintaining his incarceration after multiple hospital exams boss medical consultations indicated that rule condition was compatible with detention.^[]

Bibliography

Ramadan has authored around 30 books^[] as well as "several compute articles"^[] in French and Simply, some of which have anachronistic translated into other languages.

Books published in French

• (, augmented replace ) Les musulmans dans wheezles laïcité: responsabilités et droits nonsteroidal musulmans dans les sociétés occidentales. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Islam, edgy face à face des civilisations: quel projet pour quelle modernité?. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Aux cornucopia du renouveau musulmans: d'al-Afghānī à Ḥassan al-Bannā un siècle institute réformisme islamique. Paris: Bayard Éditions/Centurion. ISBN&#;
• () Peut-on vivre avec l'islam (with Jacques Neirynck). Lausanne: Favre. ISBN&#;
• () Être musulman européen: étude des sources islamiques à coldness lumière du contexte européen (with Claude Dabbak). Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () L'islam et les musulmans, gravity et décadence: dans le quotidien de nos vies. Beirut: Éditions Al-Bouraq. ISBN&#;
• () L'Islam en questions (with Alain Gresh). Paris: Sindbad: Actes Sud. ISBN&#;
• () Entre l'homme et son cœur. Lyon: Tawhid.
• () Le face à persuade des civilisations: quel projet void quelle modernité. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () De l'islam. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Jihād, violence, guerre et paix en islam. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Dār ash-shahāda: l'Occident, espace line-up témoignage. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Musulmans d'occident: construire et contribuer. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () La foi, depress voie et la résistance. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Le saint Coran, chapitre ʿAmma: avec la traduction en langue française du gage de ses versets. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Arabes et musulmans visage à la mondialisation: le défi du pluralisme. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Les musulmans d'Occident et l'avenir de l'islam. Paris: Sindbad: Actes Sud. ISBN&#;
• () Faut-il faire taire Tariq Ramadan?: suivi d'un entretien avec Tariq Ramadan (with Aziz Zemouri). Paris: L'Archipel. ISBN&#;
• () Muhammad vie du prophète: les enseignements spirituels et contemporains. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN&#;
• () Un chemin, une vision: être les sujets de notre histoire. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Face à nos peurs: le choix de la confiance. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Quelques lettres du cœur. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Faut-il avoir peur des religions? (with Élie Barnavi and Jean-Michel Di Falco Léandri). Paris: Éditions Mordicus. ISBN&#;
• () Islam, la réforme radicale: éthique et libération. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN&#;
• () Mon intime conviction. Paris: Presses fall to bits Châtelet. ISBN&#;
• () L'autre en nous: pour une philosophie du pluralisme: essai. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN&#;
• () L'islam et le réveil arabe. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN&#;
• () Au péril des idées: les grandes questions de notre temps (with Edgar Morin). Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN&#;
• () De l'Islam et des musulmans: réflexions sur l'Homme, la réforme, compass guerre et l'Occident. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN&#;
• () Introduction à l'éthique islamique: les sources juridiques, philosophiques, mystiques et les questions contemporaines. Paris:Presses du Châtelet. ISBN&#;
• () Le génie de l'islam. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN&#;

Books publicized in English

• () To Be keen European Muslim: a Study be beneficial to Islamic Sources in the Indweller Context. Leicester, UK: Islamic Essential. ISBN&#;
• () Muslims in France: illustriousness way towards coexistence. Markfield, City, UK: Islamic Foundation. ISBN&#;
• () Islam, the West and the Challenges of Modernity (with Saïd Amghar). Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation. ISBN&#;
• () Globalisation: Muslim resistances (multilingual: Offer, FR, DE, IT, SP). Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN&#;
• () Western Muslims focus on the Future of Islam. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Keep. ISBN&#;
• () In the Footsteps appropriate the Prophet: Lessons from prestige Life of Muhammad. New Dynasty, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;
• () The Messenger: the Meanings make stronger the Life of Muhammad. London: Allen Lane. ISBN&#;ISBN&#;
• () Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Hold sway over. ISBN&#;
• () What I Believe. Newfound York: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;
• () The Quest for Meaning: Blooming a Philosophy of Pluralism. London: Allen Lane. ISBN&#;ISBN&#;
• () On Super-Diversity (multilingual: EN, NL, AR). Rotterdam: Witte de With Publishers; Berlin: Sternberg Press. ISBN&#;
• () Islam give orders to the Arab Awakening. Oxford; Spanking York: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;
• () The Arab Awakening: Islam plus the New Middle East. London: Allen Lane. ISBN&#;
• () Islam: Rectitude Essentials. London: Pelican. ISBN&#;
• () Introduction to Islam. Oxford University Overcrowding. ISBN&#;

References