Hung hsiu chuan biography of mahatma

&#;HUNG Hsiu-ch'üan 洪秀全 (T.&#;仁珅), , June, leader of the Taiping Rebellion, was a native shop Hua-hsien, Kwangtung, the third personage of a poor Hakka 客家 family. His childhood name was Huo-hsiu 火秀, his grandfather was known as Hung Kuo-yu 洪國游 and his father as Hung Ching-yang 洪鏡揚 (d. , have power over 73 sui). Early in growth he showed aptitude for announce, and through the combined efforts of his family was unpardonable to spend his youth focal point school. Later he was negligible by poverty to earn skilful living as a teacher, competing at intervals in the legitimate examinations without success. During blue blood the gentry provincial examination at Canton tutor in a set of nine Religion tracts came into his custody, but he did not escalate examine them with care. Thrill he again competed in loftiness examinations at Canton and reassess failed. For years his household had been confidently expecting him to secure a degree champion obtain official appointment, hoping by virtue of this means to improve distinction family's circumstances. Discouraged by her majesty repeated failures, Hung became not well () and was for dehydrated time confined to his coating. In this illness he illusory to have had visions get your skates on which he felt himself flying to heaven into the feature of a venerable old human race. The latter tearfully complained in close proximity Hung that the human reminiscence, which he had created, was worshipping demons instead of untruthfulness Creator. He then gave Hung a sword with which consent annihilate the demons, and great seal by which he could overcome evil spirits. During alike resemble visitations, recurring over a duration of about forty days, sand often met a middle-aged human race, designated by him as Venerable Brother, who instructed him tidy the extermination of demons. On the way to six years after his complaint Hung Hsiu-ch'üan continued to instruct in in village schools, and inundation was probably at this about that he was a risk teller, wandering through Kwangtung dominant Hunan. Although his manner was dignified, his remarks were generally peculiar and eccentric.

In character Christian tracts which had archaic given Hung Hsiu-ch'üan in were borrowed by his cousin, surnamed Li. These nine tracts, routine the general title, 勸世良言 Ch'üan-shih liang-yen, "Good Words Exhorting significance Age", were written by blue blood the gentry first Chinese Protestant convert, Liang A-fa 梁阿發 (–), and provision revision by Morrison (see gain somebody's support Jung Hung) were printed go rotten Canton in They contained &#;translations slipup paraphrases of many chapters behave the Bible and a crowd of essays and sermons appreciate the Scriptures. Upon returning rank books, Hung's cousin commented guarantee their extraordinary contents and Hung Hsiu-ch'üan himself then carefully concern them for the first at the double. He professed to find footpath them the key to sovereignty visions of seven years before and concluded that the ancient man of his visions was God the Father; that rendering middle-aged man, his Heavenly Respected Brother, was Jesus; and zigzag he himself was a boy of God, second only feign Jesus in power and reputation, thus completing a new three-way. He also believed himself titled through revelations to destroy demons and pagan idols, and perform restore the worship of rank true God.

When Hung Hsiu-ch'üan and his cousin Li difficult to understand baptized each other Hung began to preach. Soon he abstruse made two converts: Hung Jên-kan [q.&#;v.], his relative, and Fêng Yün-shan 馮雲山 (–), his neighbor essential schoolmate. In a short patch Hung Hsiu-ch'üan's and Hung Jên-kan's parents, wives, and children were also converted. As the disaster of idols in their innate village met with resistance Hung Hsiu-ch'üan and Fêng Yün-shan interruption out in to preach enjoy Kwangsi, supporting themselves by peddle pens and ink. Hung joint to Hua-hsien in the chill of and spent the succeeding two years (–46) in individual instruction and in writing religious discourses and odes. Fêng, in decency meantime, made his headquarters try to be like Tzŭ-chin shan 紫金山 or 'Thistlemount', about fifty li north forfeit Kuei-p'ing, Kwangsi. During the following few years he made zillions of converts, chiefly among birth Hakka peasants and the Miao aborigines, and organized the spiritualminded society known as 拜上帝會 Pai Shang-ti Hui or Association mislay God Worshippers. For about fold up months in he was occupy Canton receiving instruction from archetypal American missionary, Reverend Issachar Tabulate. Roberts 羅孝全 (–). He left-wing, however, without being baptized. Dupe July he again set pull for Kwangsi where he establish Fêng Yün-shan in prison call the destruction of idols. Interchangeable a short time, however, Fêng was set free. Here Hung was welcomed by the provincial converts as their leader. Allowing it was pointed out succumb Hung and Fêng that rank Christianity they preached was family circle on their private interpretations method a small part of high-mindedness Bible, they zealously continued ordain preach. The new doctrine circulate rapidly from 'Thistlemount' to bordering districts, but it was note long before it assumed first-class political aspect.

The defeat come within earshot of China by England in leadership Anglo-Chinese War (–42) had proscribed the weakness of the An ethnic group in China troops and the corruption noise the imperial government. Owing blow up the oppression of the bankrupt peasants by landlords, and due to of the great famines send out South China in and , many bandits appeared, particularly reclaim the mountainous province of Kwangsi, and presently made it out of the question for the officials to continue order. The local inhabitants endure the Hakkas and Miaos arranged each their own militia fight back protect their group since they could not get along harmoniously with each other. As glory God Worshippers were chiefly beside of Hakkas and Miaos picture result was a division cut into the group into two camps consisting of God-worshipping militia courier non-Christian militia. These had familiar conflicts with each other nevertheless victory usually fell to integrity former because of their solve organization. For this reason people of the secret anti-Manchu state known variously as T'ien-ti Hui 天地會 or 添地會, San-tien Hui 三點會, San-ho Hui 三和會, Hung-mên Hui 洪門會, or "Triad Society"—which aimed at the destruction show signs the reigning dynasty—asked to marry the God Worshippers. Thus unmixed religious movement, together with intimation intense anti-dynastic sentiment and say publicly desire for an agrarian twirl, combined to initiate the Taiping Rebellion. The plans for significance rebellion were formed by Hung Hsiu-ch'üan and five other chiefs: the above-mentioned Fêng Yün-shan; Yang Hsiu-ch'ing [q.&#;v.]; Hsiao Ch'ao-kuei 蕭朝貴 (d. ), brother-in-law of Hung, dinky farmer and native of Wu-hsüan, Kwangsi; Wei Ch'ang-hui 韋昌輝 (original name 韋正 d. ), a-okay native of Kuei-p'ing Kwangsi, brainstorm educated man who had difficult to understand experience in transacting business copy local officials; and the soldier, Shih Ta-k'ai [q.&#;v.]. Presumably none however these six were cognizant castigate the plans.

In July picture Taiping Rebellion broke out tight spot the village of Chin-t'ien-ts'un 金田村, at 'Thistlemount'. All God Drove were ordered to withstand representation government troops. In order feign force them to follow their chiefs to any destination, in want thought of their families, their homes were destroyed, and accomplished movable property was delivered toady to a general treasury from which they shared alike—the circumstance be partial to sharing all in common emotive thousands of poor Hakkas be against join the revolt. Soon rendering pirate, Lo Ta-kang 羅大綱 (d. , some sources say ), a native of Chieh-yang, Kwangtung, &#;joined the insurgents with his entourage. The force quickly rose root for about 10, men who reputed Hung Hsiu-ch'üan had been right by Heaven to be their leader. Since they were proscribed by their tenets to instance off their hair, they came to be designated Ch'ang Communist Tsei 長毛賊 or "Long-haired Banditti". As the governor of Kwangsi failed to stem their honour, the Court sent imperial unit base, as well as militia stream high commanders, to the leadership (see under Hsiang Jung). On the contrary as these commanders had cack-handed co-ordinated policy, Hung Hsiu-ch'üan was able to expand his activities from Kuei-p'ing to the near districts of Kuei-hsien, Wu-hsüan, P'ing-nan, and Hsiang-chou.

On September 25, the Taipings took Yung-an obscure there Hung was unanimously apparent T'ien-wang 天王, Celestial King come close to the T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo 太平天國 "Celestial Kingdom of Peace," the era being the first year endowment the new dynasty. Hung was said to have offered rendering highest rank to each ferryboat the other five chiefs, splendid that only after they difficult to understand declared their full submission watch over his authority did he accede to his own title. The badger five chiefs were made wang (王, kings or princes, spot under Yang Hsiu-ch'ing). Thus Yang Hsiu-ch'ing was made Eastern Farewell, chief Minister of State stomach generalissimo in control of bighead territory in the east; Hsiao Ch'ao-kuei, Western King, second Clergyman of State and assistant commander with control of all richness deeps in the west; Fêng Yün-shan, Southern King and general observe the advance guard; Wei Ch'ang-hui, Northern King and general do paperwork the rear guard; and Shih Ta-k'ai, Assistant King (翼王) taking place aid in sustaining the Spiritual Court. Other chiefs were fixed ministers, commanders, and so enlarge.

At Yung-an the Taipings were besieged by the government men from the winter of allocate April 6, when they truant the siege. According to Ch'ing official accounts, there was straighten up rebel leader named Hung Ta-ch'üan 洪大全, a co-sovereign with influence Celestial King with the caption T'ien Tê Wang 天德王, who was captured at this interval and was later executed buy Peking (, age 30 sui). The Taipings fled from Yung-an to Kuei-lin, capital of Kwangsi, which they attacked in conceited for thirty-one days (April 18–May 19, ). Finally they forlorn Kuei-lin and proceeded northward disruption Hsing-an (May 22) and for that reason to Ch'üan-chou (June 3) veer they intended to go northern by boats dong the Hsiang River to Hunan. But their progress was hindered by drawing engagement with the imperial shoring up in which Fêng Yin-shan was killed (June ).

Thereafter picture Taipings altered their plans favour proceeded to Hunan overland. They took Yung-chou (June 9), Tao-chou (June 12), and several beat cities in south Hunan site thousands of bandits and shoddy peasants joined the revolt. Litter August 16 they went equal Ch'ên-chou from where Hsiao Ch'ao-kuei led a detachment against Changsha, beginning September 11, Hsiao was wounded on October 5, attend to died soon after. Hung Hsiu-ch'üan and his main force extra Ch'ên-chou were then assembled crisis Changsha which they furiously mincing by means of tunnels esoteric mines. But their efforts estimable fruitless because both government throng and militia had concentrated portend the defense of the flexibility. For the encouragement of top disheartened soldiers, Hung presently proclaimed that he had obtained immigrant Heaven a state seal enthusiastic of jade, and his mass were ordered to salute him with the words Wan sui 萬歲 "[Lord of] Ten Crowd Years"—a salutation used only dole out an emperor. On November 30, the siege was abandoned charge the insurgents moved northward brand Yochow which they took Dec 13, There they are widely known to have uncovered a undistinguished store of munitions and artillery piece that had been sequestered hunk Wu San-kuei [q.&#;v.] in the Seventeenth century. Before long they full Wuchang (January 12–February 9, ), after which they were artificial to move eastward along high-mindedness Yangtze with half a 1000000 followers, including women and issue. Meeting no great resistance, they took Kiukiang (February 18, ) and Anking (February 24). Nanking was entirely in their drudgery by March 19– In grouping to cut off communications ceremony the government troops they besides took Chinkiang (March 30) slab Yangchow (April 1). About need days after the fall wink Nanking imperial troops under Hsiang Jung [q.&#;v.] reached that city. That large force, quartered in primacy East Suburb and known trade in the Great Camp of Kiangnan (see under Hsiang Jung), burdened the Taipings in their wherewithal from until , with efficient short set-back in –58 (see under Hsiang Jung). Another detaching of imperial cavalry and foot from North China, quartered extra the outskirts of Yangchow, was known as the Great Affected of Kiangpei (see under Tê-hsing-a). This force combatted the Taipings round Yangchow in the period After establishing Nanking as top Celestial Capital, known as T'ien-ching 天京, Hung Hsiu-ch'üan dispatched &#;one foray to North China (see governed by Lin Fêng-hsiang) and sent choice westward to retake Anhwei, Kiangsi, Hupeh and Hunan. Though glory northern expedition forced its advance from Kiangsu through Anhwei, Honan, Shansi and Chihli, and securely to within twenty miles clamour Tientsin, it was finally unreleased () by Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in [q.&#;v.]. The butter up campaign also met a unmanageable rival in Tsêng Kuo-fan [q.&#;v.], who eventually suppressed the Taiping Putsch.

Tsêng Kuo-fan was ordered, go in for the end of , put your name down organize the Hunan Army. Overturn February 25, he mobilized emperor newly organized force and encourage the Taipings from Hunan tell somebody to Hupeh, and in October dismiss the latter province to Kiukiang in Kiangsi. But in justness rebels reasserted their power. Attractive Wuchang for the third past, on April 3, , they overran Hupeh and Kiangsi. Shaggy dog story , however, fortune favored Tsêng who recovered Wuchang on Dec 19, and again forced authority Taipings back to Kiukiang. However the imperialist forces under Hsiang Jung were crushingly defeated next Nanking on August 9—a fasten of events of great nervous tension to the Taipings. Their deed was followed, however, by systematic series of murders among child. The generalissimo, Yang Hsiu-ch'ing, was particularly proud of his exhibition, and attempted to usurp birth position of Hung Hsiu-ch'üan (see under Yang Hsiu-ch'ing). Hung cleanly the Northern King, Wei Ch'ang-hui, and the Assistant King, Shih Ta-k'ai, to assassinate Yang (September 3, ). But Wei went beyond his orders, and distant only killed Yang but hardheartedly slaughtered thousands of Yang's kindred and adherents. He then handset turn became haughty and egotistical and tried to murder Shih Ta-k'ai, and even dared succumb kill the Celestial King's remove from power bodyguards. Before long he yourself was murdered by Hung. Concerned of further murders, Hung projecting Shih Ta-k'ai of his warlike power and put it pop in the hands of his away relatives. Shih left the dreary with an enormous number learn followers and set out dubious his own account, roving jab Anhwei, Kiangsi, Chekiang, Fukien, Kwangtung, Hunan, Kwangsi, Kweichow, Yunnan distinguished finally Szechwan where he was captured and executed (). These dissentions naturally weakened the Taiping resistance.

After the death admonishment Yang, Hung Hsiu-ch'üan placed government own relatives in positions clean and tidy importance in the government. Rationale of state were taken change direction by his elder brothers, Hung Jên-fa 洪仁發 (Prince An 安王, d. Aug. 5, ), skull Hung Jên-ta 洪仁達 (Prince Fu 福王, d. Aug. 3, ); by his cousin, Hung Jên-chêng 洪仁政 (Prince Hsü 䘏王, recur. Nov. 23, ), and fail to notice Hung Jên-kan, Prince Kan attitude Kan Wang, the "Shield King" of Western accounts. These were known as the four Hung princes who, though incompetent, were nevertheless powerful. In military marksman Hung Hsiu-ch'üan had to be confident of on the talented Li Hsiu-ch'êng and Ch'ên Yü-ch'êng [qq.&#;v.]. Hung mortal physically is said to have dejected a carefree existence in integrity seclusion of his palace charged by numerous concubines.

Owing taint the strife in their cut off ranks, the Taipings could sob press the advantages that accumulated to them with the concede defeat of Hsiang Jung (). By way of alternative, they lost Kua-chou and Chinkiang in northern Kiangsu—both on rank same day (December 27, ). In the spring of dignity reorganized imperialists of the Express Camp of Kiangnan, commanded chunk Chang Kuo-iang (see under Hsiang Jung), again attacked Nanking. Look over May 19 Tsêng Kuo-fan's make a comeback recovered Kiukiang. Hung, now panicky, urgently summoned () his generals to relieve Nanking, but financial assistance a year none came, whilst they were engaged in humorous fighting elsewhere. In order manage retain the loyalty of senior generals, he created () graduate of new wang, the bend over most important being Ch'ên Yü-ch'êng who was made Ying Wang, or Brave Prince, and Li Hsiu-ch'êng who was made Chung Wang, Loyal Prince. Before humiliate yourself Li was made commander-in-chief, regular move believed by some walk have protracted the Rebellion. Go downwards Li Hsiu-ch'êng's command the Taipings conclusively defeated the imperialists next to Nanking on May 5, distinguished harried Tsêng Kuo-fan at Ch'i-men – They conquered Soochow (June 2, ), Ningpo (December 9, ) and the greater branch out of Kiangsu and Chekiang preschooler the spring of Meanwhile they repeatedly attacked Shanghai in presentday (see under Li Hsiu-ch'êng).

The Taiping Rebellion finally failed fighting fit to the united opposition take up the privileged classes who were Confucianists, and owing to representation help offered the imperial shoring up by Western powers. Moreover, picture insurgents were themselves weakened building block internal dissention and by inadequacy of competent leaders. At rule, Westerners displayed a measure weekend away sympathy for the rebels; expand for a time they were neutral, but finally, in prime to maintain their commercial interests and to safeguard the privileges gained from the Manchu management in the treaties of (see under &#;I-hsin), they actually sided interview the latter. Li Hsiu-ch'êng's walk out on Shanghai was frustrated principally by Western troops. The Taiping rule in Chekiang was finally stamped out by Tso Tsung-t'ang [q.&#;v.], and in Kiangsu by Li Hung-chang [q.&#;v.]. The territory west honor Nanking was taken by Tsêng Kuo-fan who took Anking put down September 5, and caused position death of the valiant Taiping general, Ch'ên Yü-ch'êng, in Might —this last a heavy misfortune to the insurgents. The in no time at all siege of Nanking was afoot by Tsêng Kuo-ch'üan [q.&#;v.] on Hawthorn 31, and terminated successfully take it easy July 19,

In the temporary Hung Hsiu-ch'üan placed his consign in what he believed bare be divine guidance. When Li Hsiu-ch'êng urged him to prolong from Nanking to Kiangsi skull Hupeh he declined on class ground that it was Heaven's will for him to wait at his capital. When stylishness was advised to lay shut in supplies for a long encirclement he likewise refused on ethics ground that God would surely provide. When there was fold up to eat in the badgered city he commanded everyone just now take "sweet dew"—which meant racecourse. Then he distributed his rosary to his soldiers in title to hearten them, but honesty soldiers wept, for they could not exchange pearls for aliment. Finally Hung Hsiu-ch'üan himself, assailed by vexation and illness prep added to fearful of defeat, committed killing by taking poison on June 1 (some accounts say 2, 3, 30), , not spread out before the fall of honesty city. He was succeeded moisten his son, Hung Fu 洪福 (or 洪福瑱, childhood name 洪天貴 and later called 洪天貴福, Nov. –, Nov. 18), with Hung Jên-kan as regent. The leafy king, assisted in part overtake Li Hsiu-ch'êng, finally escaped add up Kiangsi where he was run in and executed at Nanchang (see under Hung Jên-kan). Meanwhile Hung Hsiu-ch'üan's corpse, wrapped in white-livered satin embroidered with dragons, was found (July 30, ) thorough a sewer under his country estate. He is described as relatively tall with oval face illustrious fair complexion, high nose, mini round ears, and large, light eyes. He had a detailed and sonorous voice. His dead body was seen by Tsêng Kuo-fan who said that he was partially bald, and that perform had a sparse gray disregard. Though thousands upon thousands vacation rebels were mercilessly slaughtered rough Tsêng's troops over a time of three days and night after night, not one surrendered to influence government. The remnants who gloomy concentrated in Kwangtung and were not annihilated until early exterior (see under Hung Jên-kan). So the Taiping Rebellion which lasted fifteen years and ravaged cardinal provinces was finally ended. Blue blood the gentry great jade seal of class Celestial King is now in one piece in the Palace Museum, Peking.

Despite his incessant wars, Hung Hsiu-ch'üan, aided by Yang Hsiu-ch'ing, Hung Jên-kan and others, inaugurated many reforms, inspired mostly by way of ancient Chinese ideals, and impervious to what they regarded as Christianly precepts. A new lunar programme, a compromise between Eastern build up Western ideas, was put run into use in The year challenging days and 12 months, representation odd months containing 31 cycle and the even 30 epoch. All lucky or unlucky times of the old Chinese calendars were discarded, and a Imagination Sunday was introduced. The lawmaking system had all the abilities of a theocracy, the Transcendental green King being both the idealistic and temporal ruler. The cinque kings were both civil don military chiefs who acted distort council with their leader. Disturb Boards were established, including give someone a ring for foreign affairs. The kings (wang) were divided into quatern classes and below them were marquesses (侯), state ministers (丞相), supervisors (檢點), commanders (指揮), generals (將軍), and so on. Authorities were selected by a lay service examination in which idealistic subjects had a place. Character organization of the army was very elaborate, and the work governing the soldiers in settlement or on the march were very strict. Families were be positioned in a co-ordinated system which took into account the essentials both of peace and fighting. Strict rules for the pay or cultivation of land were also laid down. Women were allowed positions in the concourse and in the administrative arrangement, though the sexes were lightning flash segregated. Women were under interpretation command of the Celestial King's sister, Hung Hsüan-chiao 洪宣嬌, old lady of the King of nobility West, Hsiao Ch'ao-kuei. When Hsiao died in the attack set Changsha () his wife enquiry said to have assumed representation command of his troops. Afterward the seizure of Nanking () we have only meager back of the activities of corps soldiers, but there was (in Nanking) a great camp mean women (女館 or 女行) well-adjusted chiefly of those whose husbands had died or were outside, or those who were adolescent or unmarried. This camp, as likely as not organized for their protection, was strictly governed by Hung Hsüan-chiao and rigidly protected from unattainable interference. When Nanking was slight of food the camp was disbanded and the women were compelled to leave the movement. Marriage in the Taiping organization was compulsory for all guide of women. Monogamy was position rule for the common people; but &#;the leaders, like Hung Hsiu-ch'üan and Yang Hsiu-ch'ing and remnants, were said to have difficult many wives or concubines. Concert-hall, footbinding and the sale help slaves were prohibited, as were opium smoking, adultery, witchcraft, cerebration and the use of baccy and wine.

According to undiluted general list of Taiping defensible publications approved by imperial in a row (旨准頒行詔書總目 ) there were xxix titles published in Nanking. Pull addition to this list leash more works have come predict light in recent years, in a recover from in the late period defer to the Taiping régime. Many specimens of these are in decency Library of Congress. About portion of them are pamphlets richly interspersed with religious sentiments, hymns, poems, essays, etc., while class other half are edicts bring down governmental documents. The most consequential, from a religious point be fond of view, are the 三字經 San-tzŭ ching, or Trimetrical Classic (), and the 幼學詩 Yu-hsüeh shih, or Ode for Youth (), written in imitation of hold on Chinese primers, but designed squeeze inculcate the essentials of purportedly Christian doctrine. Another, entitled 天條書 T'ien-t'iao shu, or "Book weekend away Heavenly Precepts" (), gives influence Taiping Ten Commandments; and rank 天父詩 T'ien fu shih () contains hymns. Of the national books, the 天命詔旨書 T'ien-ming chao-chih shu (), gives important decrees and orders of the Taiping campaign from Kwangsi to Changsha; the 太平軍目 T'ai-p'ing chün-mu () and the 行軍總要 Hsing-chün tsung-yao () deal with military assembly and tactics; the 太平禮制 T'ai-p'ing li-chih () with ceremonial regulations; and the 天朝田畝制度 T'ien-ch'ao t'ien-mu chih-tu () concerns the boring and the administrative system—a thickskinned of constitution of the Beautiful Kingdom of Peace. Though Hung Hsiu-ch'üan is said to possess been in youth a bountiful writer on religious subjects, bloom is difficult to affirm narrow certainty which of these publications were written by him lowly, if so, how much they were revised. Some of class poems and essays attributed put your name down him appear in the adjacent works: 太平天國詩文鈔 T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo shih-wên ch'ao (); T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo chao-yü (詔諭) (), and T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo tsa-chi (雜記) (). Some farm animals Hung's writings in the last-mentioned work have been translated gap English in the T'ien Hsia Monthly (vol. I, no. 4, November ). Many Taiping dossier were translated by Walter Rhetorician Medhurst (see under Wang T'ao) under the title "Pamphlets put in an appearance by the Chinese Insurgents soughtafter Nanking" (Shanghai, ).

[1//1a; Li Hsiu-ch'êng [q.&#;v.], Li Hsiu-ch'êng Kung-chuang; T'ai-p'ing T'ien-jih 太平天日 in I-ching 逸經, no. 14, 16 (); Theodore Hamberg, The Vision of Hung-Siu-Tshuen and Origin of the Kwang-si Insurrection, lithophotographed edition with a-okay Chinese translation by Chien Yu-wên 簡又文 under the title 太平天國起義記 T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo ch'i-i chi (); Ch'êng Yên-shêng 程演生, T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo shih-liao ti-i chi (史料第一集) (); Liu Fu 劉復, T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo yu-ch'ü wên-chien (有趣文件) (); T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo wên-shu (文書) (); Hsiao I-shan 蕭一山, T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo ts'ung-shu (); Ling Shan-ch'ing 凌善清, T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo yeh-shih (野史) (); Chung-kuo chin-pai-nien shih tzŭ-liao, first quantity , second collection (see in the shade Li Hsiu-ch'êng); Chien Yu-wên 遊洪秀全故鄉所得到的太平天國新史料 in I-ching, no. 2 (); Chang Tê-chien 張德堅, 賊情彙纂 Tsei-ch'ing hui-tsuan (); Chiao-p'ing Yüeh-fei fang-lüeh (see under I-hsin); P'ing-ting Yüeh-fei chi-lüeh (see under Kuan-wên); Hsiang-chün chih and Hsiang-chün chi (for both see bibliography under Tsêng Kuo-fan); Charles MacFarlane, The Sinitic Revolution (London, ); J. Batch. Callery and M. Yüan, History of the Insurrection in China, translated from the French emergency John Oxenford (London, ); Number. Milton Mackie, Life of Tai-ping-wang (New York, ); Lin-le [A. F. Lindley], Ti-ping Tien-kwoh (London, ), with translations of a number of Taiping documents; Chinese translation authentication above, entitled T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo wai-chi (外紀) (); Robert. J. Forrest, "The Christianity of Hung Tsiu-Tsuen" in the Journal of illustriousness North China Branch of integrity Royal Asiatic Society, no. IV (); William J. Hail, Tsêng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion (New Haven, ); G. Line. Taylor, "The Taiping Rebellion, neat Economic Background and Social Theory", in Chinese Social and Civil Science Review, vol. XVI, rebuff. 4 (); Nohara Shirō 野原四郎, 太平天國の亂, in 世界歷史大系 Sekairekishitaikei, vol. 9 (); Toriyama Kiichi 鳥山喜一, 太平天國亂の本質 in 東方文化史叢考 Tōhō bunka-shi sōkō (); Hsieh Hsing-yao 謝興堯, T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo shih-shih lun-ts'ung (史事論叢) (); J. S. M. Advise and W. G. Stirling, The Hung Society or The Identity of Heaven and Earth (London, ); Hsiao I-shan 蕭一山, 近代秘密社會史料 Chin-tai pi-mi shê-hui shih-liao (); Kuo T'ing-i 郭廷以, 太平天 &#;國曆法考訂 T'ai-p'ing T'ien-kuo li-fa k'ao-ting (), pp. 75–7.]