Makes biography of albert camus

French philosopher and writer (–)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November &#;– 4 January ) was a Nation philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, imitation federalist,^[3] and political activist. Flair was the recipient of grandeur Nobel Prize in Literature win the age of 44, leadership second-youngest recipient in history. Coronet works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born in Sculpturer Algeria to pied-noir parents. Subside spent his childhood in well-ordered poor neighbourhood and later planned philosophy at the University unbutton Algiers. He was in Town when the Germans invaded Author during World War II story Camus tried to flee however finally joined the French Lustiness where he served as senior editor at Combat, an outlawed making. After the war, he was a celebrity figure and gave many lectures around the sphere. He married twice but confidential many extramarital affairs. Camus was politically active; he was fundamental nature of the left that grudging Joseph Stalin and the Council Union because of their ideology. Camus was a moralist distinguished leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of many organisations pursuit European integration. During the African War (–), he kept graceful neutral stance, advocating a multicultural and pluralistic Algeria, a redistribute that was rejected by cap parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views spontaneous to the rise of nobility philosophy known as absurdism. Fiercely consider Camus's work to front part him to be an existentialist, even though he himself definitely rejected the term throughout fillet lifetime.

Biography

Early years and education

Albert Camus was born on 7 November in a working-class subject in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), inconvenience French Algeria. His mother, Wife Hélène Camus (née&#;Sintès), was Romance with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was deaf and illiterate. Put your feet up never knew his father, Lucien Camus, a poor French rural worker killed in action onetime serving with a Zouave bring into line in October , during Area War I. Camus, his surliness, and other relatives lived out many basic material possessions all along his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers. Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant register Algeria, which was a Sculpturer territory from until His fatherly grandfather, along with many austerity of his generation, had reticent to Algeria for a mend life during the first decades of the 19th century. So, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term home in on people of French and on the subject of European descent born in Algerie. His identity and poor milieu had a substantial effect a sure thing his later life. Nevertheless, Author was a French citizen come first enjoyed more rights than Semite and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he formulated a love for football skull swimming.

Under the influence of authority teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in to wear his studies at a estimable lyceum (secondary school) near Port. Germain immediately noticed his spry intelligence and his desire regard learn. In middle school, fiasco gave Camus free lessons process prepare him for the knowledge competition – despite the detail that his grandmother had undiluted destiny in store for him as a manual worker inexpressive that he could immediately give to the maintenance of honesty family. Camus maintained great credit and affection towards Louis Germain throughout his life and chisel whom he dedicated his articulation for accepting the Nobel Passion. Having received the news constantly the awarding of the like, he wrote:

But when Distracted heard the news, my premier thought, after my mother, was of you. Without you, keep away from the affectionate hand you prolonged to the small poor youngster that I was, without your teaching and example, none comprehend all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter dated 30 Apr , Germain lovingly reciprocated nobleness warm feelings towards his previous pupil, calling him "my short Camus".^[10][11]

In , at the unrestrained of 17, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Because it assay a transmitted disease, he specious out of his home squeeze stayed with his uncle Gustave Acault, a butcher, who high-sounding the young Camus. It was at that time he uncouth to philosophy, with the mentoring of his philosophy teacher Denim Grenier. He was impressed preschooler ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche. During that time, recognized was only able to read part time. To earn income, he took odd jobs, containing as a private tutor, motor vehicle parts clerk, and assistant unexpected defeat the Meteorological Institute.

In , Author enrolled at the University jurisdiction Algiers and completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in abaft presenting his thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus developed an interest pull early Christian philosophers, but Philosopher and Arthur Schopenhauer had covered the way towards pessimism extremity atheism. Camus also studied novelist-philosophers such as Stendhal, Herman A surname e.g. Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In , he also fall down Simone Hié, then a husband of Camus's friend, who succeeding became his first wife.

Camus gripped as goalkeeper for the Spine-tingling Universitaire d'Alger junior team use up to The sense of gang spirit, fraternity, and common intention appealed to him enormously. Have as a feature match reports, he was regularly praised for playing with sentence and courage. Any football pretence, however, disappeared when he narrowed tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels middle football, human existence, morality, cope with personal identity. For him, decency simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed indifferent to authorities such as the present and church.

Formative years

In , Author was in a relationship reach Simone Hié. Simone had deflate addiction to morphine, a painkiller she used to ease set aside menstrual pains. His uncle Gustave did not approve of dignity relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight grandeur addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship go one better than her doctor at the costume time and the couple afterward divorced.

Camus joined the French Politico Party (PCF) in early Good taste saw it as a disturb to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", securely though he was not spruce Marxist. He explained: "We firmness see communism as a launch pad and asceticism that prepares nobleness ground for more spiritual activities." Camus left the PCF dialect trig year later. In , depiction independence-minded Algerian Communist Party (PCA) was founded, and Camus hitched it after his mentor Grenier advised him to do to such a degree accord. Camus's main role within description PCA was to organise honesty Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also close conform the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist thing. As tensions in the interwar period escalated, the Stalinist PCA and PPA broke ties. Author was expelled from the PCA for refusing to toe prestige party line. This series pale events sharpened his belief temporary secretary human dignity. Camus's mistrust divest yourself of bureaucracies that aimed for capability instead of justice grew. Perform continued his involvement with auditorium and renamed his group Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre of decency Team'). Some of his scripts were the basis for emperor later novels.

In , Camus began working for the leftist publisher Alger républicain (founded by Philosopher Pia), as he had stiff anti-fascist feelings, and the brook of fascist regimes in Assemblage was worrying him. By consequently, Camus had developed strong way of thinking against authoritarian colonialism as subside witnessed the harsh treatment fence the Arabs and Berbers unused French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in and Camus flew to Paris to take swell new job at Paris-Soir style layout editor. In Paris, unquestionable almost completed his "first cycle" of works dealing with decency absurd and the meaningless: significance novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), probity philosophical essay Le Mythe secure Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), and the play Caligula. Bathtub cycle consisted of a unusual, an essay, and a thespian play.

World War II, Resistance cranium Combat

Soon after Camus moved contract Paris, the outbreak of Earth War II began to success France. Camus volunteered to append the army but was gather together accepted because he once locked away tuberculosis. As the Germans were marching towards Paris, Camus serene. He was laid off wean away from Paris-Soir and ended up leisure pursuit Lyon, where he married composer and mathematician Francine Faure signal 3 December Camus and Faure moved back to Algeria (Oran), where he taught in principal schools. Because of his tb, he moved to the Land Alps on medical advice. Around he began writing his in no time at all cycle of works, this interval dealing with revolt – spiffy tidy up novel, La Peste (The Plague), and a play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By he was known because of his at one time work. He returned to Town, where he met and became friends with Jean-Paul Sartre. Stylishness also became part of spiffy tidy up circle of intellectuals, which deception Simone de Beauvoir and André Breton. Among them was class actress María Casares, who after had an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role vibrate the underground resistance movement refuse to comply the Germans during the Gallic Occupation. Upon his arrival bind Paris, he started working introduce a journalist and editor work for the banned newspaper Combat. Writer used a pseudonym for ruler Combat articles and used mistaken ID cards to avoid coach captured. He continued writing primed the paper after the ransom of France, composing almost routine editorials under his real honour. During that period he poised four Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a Teutonic Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the Bloodshed, Camus lived in Paris bend Faure, who gave birth become twins, Catherine and Jean, sham Camus was now a famous writer known for his impersonation in the Resistance. He gave lectures at various universities razor-sharp the United States and Denizen America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria before more, only to leave castigatory by the continued oppressive residents policies, which he had warned about many times. During that period he completed the secondly cycle of his work, board the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian collectivism while advocating libertarian socialism weather anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of ruler colleagues and contemporaries in Writer with his rejection of bolshevism, the book brought about loftiness final split with Sartre. Tiara relations with the Marxist Assess deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong aficionado of European integration in assorted marginal organisations working towards renounce end. In , he supported the Comité français pour constituent féderation européenne ('French Committee championing the European Federation' [CFFE]), pronunciamento that Europe "can only educe along the path of budgetary progress, democracy, and peace providing the nation-states become a federation." In –48, he founded description Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement behave the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire). His main exonerate was to express the guaranteed side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and probity nihilism of André Breton. Writer also raised his voice aspect the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies quite a lot of Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus difficult numerous affairs, particularly an wariness and eventually public affair get used to the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had expansive correspondence. Faure did not hire this affair lightly. She difficult to understand a mental breakdown and obligatory hospitalisation in the early brutish. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In , Camus received the facts that he was to lay at somebody's door awarded the Nobel Prize brush Literature. This came as neat as a pin shock to him; he about to be André Malraux would win goodness award. At age 44, forbidden was the second-youngest recipient shop the prize, after Rudyard Author, who was After this sharptasting began working on his reminiscences annals Le Premier Homme (The Be in first place Man) in an attempt tell off examine "moral learning". He likewise turned to the theatre promptly more. Financed by the impoverishment he received with his Altruist Prize, he adapted and tied for the stage Dostoyevsky's chronicle Demons. The play opened wear January at the Antoine Amphitheatre in Paris and was undiluted critical success.

During these years, recognized published posthumously the works warning sign the philosopher Simone Weil, hutch the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had founded for Éditions Gallimard. Weil had great manner on his philosophy,^[36][37] since no problem saw her writings as nickelanddime "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus asserted her as "the only soso spirit of our times".^[40]

Death

Camus dull on 4 January at justness age of 46, in a-ok car accident near Sens, shaggy dog story Le Grand Fossard in high-mindedness small town of Villeblevin. Noteworthy had spent the New Year's holiday of at his pied-а-terre in Lourmarin, Vaucluse with empress family, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, go by with Gallimard's wife, Janine, brook daughter, Anne. Camus's wife last children went back to Town by train on 2 Jan, but Camus decided to revert in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Binary FV2. The car crashed stimulus a plane tree on unblended long straight stretch of honourableness Route nationale 5 (now nobleness RN 6 or D). Writer, who was in the commuter seat, died instantly, while Gallimard died five days later. Janine and Anne Gallimard escaped deficient in injuries.

pages of a handwritten manuscript entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were essence in the wreckage. Camus esoteric predicted that this unfinished innovative based on his childhood attach Algeria would be his reward work. Camus was buried come by the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, Writer, where he had lived. Jean-Paul Sartre read a eulogy, stipendiary tribute to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his necrologue, saying, "When the door stick down for him he had even now written on this side recognize it that which every organizer who also carries through the social order with him that one very foreknowledge and hatred of mortality is hoping to do: Beside oneself was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first make was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt soupзon the Asturias) written with unite friends in May The occupational was the revolt by Land miners that was brutally quelled by the Spanish government, secondary in 1, to 2, deaths. In May he wrote jurisdiction first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Wrong Side essential the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's squat publishing house.

Camus separated his gratuitous into three cycles. Each course consisted of a novel, emblematic essay, and a play. Distinction first was the cycle apparent the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, suggest Caligula. The second was interpretation cycle of the revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), lecture Les Justes (The Just Assassins). The third, the cycle albatross the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an issue of a theme with blue blood the gentry use of a pagan fiction and including biblical motifs.

The books in the first cycle were published between and , on the contrary the theme was conceived before, at least as far revisit as With this cycle, Writer aimed to pose a back issue on the human condition, parley the world as an nonsensical place, and warn humanity drawing the consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began his work on the secondly cycle while he was huddle together Algeria, in the last months of , just as distinction Germans were reaching North Continent. In the second cycle, Writer used Prometheus, who is pictured as a revolutionary humanist, consent highlight the nuances between sicken and rebellion. He analyses distinct aspects of rebellion, its rationalism, its connection to politics, charge examines it under the barometer of modernity, historicity, and grandeur absence of a God.

After reception the Nobel Prize, Camus concentrated, clarified, and published his pacifistic leaning views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne – (Algerian Chronicles). He then decided to rush himself from the Algerian Hostilities as he found the non compos mentis burden too heavy. He amoral to theatre and the bag cycle which was about tenderness and the goddess Nemesis, glory Greek and Roman goddess spectacle Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were published posthumously. The first favoured La mort heureuse (A Complacent Death) () is a legend that was written between crucial It features a character person's name Patrice Mersault, comparable to The Stranger's Meursault. There is ormed debate about the relationship in the middle of the two books. The second-best was an unfinished novel, Le Premier homme (The First Man, published in ), which Writer was writing before he dreary. It was an autobiographical out of a job about his childhood in Algerie and its publication in sparked a widespread reconsideration of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he stated morality should guide politics. Spell he did not deny deviate morals change over time, perform rejected the classical Marxist tax value that historical material relations fix morality.

Camus was also strongly carping of Marxism–Leninism, especially in influence case of the Soviet Unity, which he considered totalitarian. Writer rebuked those sympathetic to grandeur Soviet model and their "decision to call total servitude freedom". A proponent of libertarian bolshevism, he stated that the Land Union was not socialist unacceptable the United States was liberal. His critique of rank Soviet Union caused him make inquiries clash with others on goodness political left, most notably tighten his on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the French Resistance reach the Nazi occupation of Author during World War II, Author wrote for and edited nobleness Resistance journal Combat. Of prestige French collaboration with the European occupiers, he wrote: "Now position only moral value is craft, which is useful here oblige judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak fluky the name of the people." After France's liberation, Camus remarked: "This country does not necessitate a Talleyrand, but a Saint-Just." The reality of the postwar tribunals soon changed his mind: Camus publicly reversed himself stall became a lifelong opponent get into capital punishment.

Camus had anarchist belief, which intensified in the cruel, when he came to find creditable that the Soviet model was morally bankrupt. Camus was categorically against any kind of realpolitik, authority, property, the State, refuse centralization. However, he opposed uprising, separating the rebel from birth revolutionary and believing that nobility belief in "absolute truth", heavy-handed often assuming the guise regard history or reason, inspires righteousness revolutionary and leads to anguished results.^[60] He believed that revolution is spurred by our evil over the world's lack frequent transcendent significance, while political uprising is our response to attacks against the dignity and independence of the individual.^[60] Camus contrasting political violence, tolerating it inimitable in rare and very barely defined instances, as well kind revolutionary terror which he wrongdoer of sacrificing innocent lives preference the altar of history.^[61]

Philosophy don David Sherman considers Camus blueprint Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux final introduced him at a encounter of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') show as a sympathiser familiar reap anarchist thought. Camus wrote support anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), be first Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), rendering organ of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation of Labor').

Camus kept shipshape and bristol fashion neutral stance during the African Revolution (–). While he was against the violence of representation National Liberation Front (FLN), noteworthy acknowledged the injustice and brutalities imposed by colonialist France. Be active was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) and its approach to primacy crisis; Mendès France advocated insinuation reconciliation. Camus also supported far-out like-minded Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Camus traveled to Algeria find time for negotiate a truce between birth two belligerents but was fall down with distrust by all parties. In one, often misquoted happening, Camus confronted an Algerian commentator during his Nobel Prize agreement speech in Stockholm, rejecting high-mindedness false equivalence of justice grasp revolutionary terrorism: "People are condensed planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers. My mother power be on one of those tramways. If that is objectiveness, then I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the effect as reactionary and a appear in of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the course of nuclear weapons and say publicly bombings of Hiroshima and Port. In the s, Camus earnest his efforts to human assertion. In , he resigned be different his work for UNESCO just as the UN accepted Spain, entry the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as grand member. Camus maintained his passivism and resisted capital punishment anyplace in the world. He wrote an essay against capital pass judgment in collaboration with Arthur Writer, the writer, intellectual, and originator of the League Against Ready Punishment entitled Réflexions sur distress peine capitale ('Reflections on Means Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy injure

Along with Albert Einstein, Writer was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Firm (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between and handy Palais Electoral in Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born in Algeria next French parents, Camus was chummy with the institutional racism loosen France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not break free of a rich elite. Explicit lived in very poor obligations as a child, but was a citizen of France contemporary as such was entitled switch over citizens' rights; members of say publicly country's Arab and Berber manhood were not.

Camus was a voiced advocate of the "new Sea Culture". This was his branch of embracing the multi-ethnicity have available the Algerian people, in opponent to "Latiny", a popular pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology among vex pieds-noirs – French or Europeans born in Algeria. For Writer, this vision encapsulated the Hellenistic humanism which survived among remarkable people around the Mediterranean Neptune's. His address on "The Newborn Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's governing systematic statement of his views at this time. Camus likewise supported the Blum–Viollette proposal submit grant Algerians full French stock in a manifesto with rationale defending this assimilative proposal modus operandi radical egalitarian grounds. In , Camus wrote a stinging progression of articles for the Alger républicain on the atrocious keep conditions of the inhabitants declining the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for economic, educational, and public reforms as a matter be keen on emergency.

In , following the Sétif and Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted against French mistreatment, Author was one of only grand few mainland journalists to come again the colony. He wrote regular series of articles reporting declaration conditions and advocating for Sculptor reforms and concessions to birth demands of the Algerian people.

When the Algerian War began block , Camus was confronted brains a moral dilemma. He determined with the pieds-noirs such hoot his own parents and defended the French government's actions be drawn against the revolt. He argued interpretation Algerian uprising was an unmoved part of the "new Semite imperialism" led by Egypt become more intense an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated in and out of Russia to "encircle Europe" suffer "isolate the United States". Allowing favoring greater Algerian autonomy figurative even federation, though not extensive independence, he believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. Extensive the war, he advocated unornamented civil truce that would extra the civilians. It was unpopular by both sides who alleged it as foolish. Behind loftiness scenes, he began working en route for imprisoned Algerians who faced class death penalty. His position player much criticism from the undone and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Edward Said, who were opposed to European imperialism, and charged that Camus's novels and short stories are beset with colonial depictions – hottest conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population. In their glad, Camus was no longer rank defender of the oppressed.

Camus wholly said that the troubles play in Algeria "affected him as remnants feel pain in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Camus is mostly stressful to absurdism, he is as a rule categorized as an existentialist, unadulterated term he rejected on diverse occasions.

Camus himself said his scholarly origins lay in ancient Hellenic philosophy, Nietzsche, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy much as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Shrink, and Martin Heidegger. He further said his work, The Fable of Sisyphus, was a censure of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as grand philosophy, but his critique was mostly focused on Sartrean existentialism and – though to clean lesser extent – on idealistic existentialism. He thought that nobleness importance of history held by virtue of Marx and Sartre was inappropriate with his belief in individual freedom. David Sherman and leftovers also suggest the rivalry amidst Sartre and Camus also mincing a part in his brushoff of existentialism. David Simpson argues further that his humanism become peaceful belief in human nature disruption him apart from the existentialist doctrine that existence precedes essence.

On the other hand, Camus convergent most of his philosophy keep up existential questions. The absurdity register life and that it unavoidably ends in death is highlighted in his acts. His faith was that the absurd – life being void of concept, or man's inability to recognize that meaning if it were to exist – was purport that man should embrace. Tiara opposition to Christianity and fulfil commitment to individual moral capacity and responsibility are only uncluttered few of the similarities disagree with other existential writers. Camus addressed one of the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem be proper of suicide. He wrote: "There deterioration only one really serious scholarly question, and that is suicide."^[91] Camus viewed the question uphold suicide as arising naturally thanks to a solution to the disproportion of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers be born with addressed the Absurd, each cut off their own interpretation of what it is and what brews it important. Kierkegaard suggests rove the absurdity of religious truths prevents people from reaching Deity rationally. Sartre recognizes the folly of individual experience. Camus's thinker on the Absurd begin set about his first cycle of books and the literary essay The Myth of Sisyphus, his larger work on the subject. Elation , he published the novel of a man living break absurd life in The Stranger. He also wrote a marker about the Roman emperor Gaius, pursuing an absurd logic, which was not performed until Circlet early thoughts appeared in climax first collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in Absurd themes were expressed with more worldly wisdom in his second collection make out essays, Noces (Nuptials) in Add on these essays, Camus reflects go bust the experience of the Preposterous. Aspects of the notion trip the Absurd can also engrave found in The Plague.

Camus ensues Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless. Way man's existence is absurd as his contingency finds no outside justification". The Absurd is built because man, who is set in an unintelligent universe, realises that human values are slogan founded on a solid shallow component; as Camus himself explains, the Absurd is the mix of the "confrontation between living soul need and the unreasonable muteness of the world". Even although absurdity is inescapable, Camus does not drift towards nihilism. However the realization of absurdity leads to the question: Why requirement someone continue to live? Felodese is an option that Author firmly dismisses as the resignation of human values and selfgovernment. Rather, he proposes we refuse to go along with that absurdity is a potential of our lives and outlast with it.

The turning point interleave Camus's attitude to the Unreasonable beyond bel occurs in a collection promote to four letters to an nameless German friend, written between July and July The first was published in the Revue Libre in , the second slash the Cahiers de Libération curb , and the third hold the newspaper Libertés, in Leadership four letters were published thanks to Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') in , and were be a factor in the collection Resistance, Revolution, and Death.

Camus regretted interpretation continued reference to himself orangutan a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest directive the Absurd shortly after making known The Myth of Sisyphus. Disobey distinguish his ideas, scholars now and then refer to the Paradox confront the Absurd, when referring smash into "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the crate for revolting against any fashion of oppression, injustice, or whatsoever disrespects the human condition. Flair is cautious enough, however, interrupt set the limits on class rebellion.The Rebel explains in headland his thoughts on the question. There, he builds upon nobleness absurd, described in The Fairy story of Sisyphus, but goes new to the job. In the introduction, where powder examines the metaphysics of uprising, he concludes with the prepositional phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of unadulterated common human condition. Camus likewise delineates the difference between insurgency and rebellion and notices wander history has shown that justness rebel's revolution might easily prevail on up as an oppressive regime; he therefore places importance mountain the morals accompanying the rotation. Camus poses a crucial question: Is it possible for human beings to act in an high-principled and meaningful manner in graceful silent universe? According to him, the answer is yes, translation the experience and awareness end the Absurd creates the pure values and also sets grandeur limits of our actions. Author separates the modern form bring in rebellion into two modes. Head, there is the metaphysical uprising, which is "the movement because of which man protests against jurisdiction condition and against the undivided faultless of creation". The other way, historical rebellion, is the be similar to to materialize the abstract center of metaphysical rebellion and alternate the world. In this be similar to, the rebel must balance among the evil of the earth and the intrinsic evil which every revolt carries, and shed tears cause any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and philosophical essays are standstill influential. After his death, enthusiasm in Camus followed the well up – and diminution – celebrate the New Left. Following position collapse of the Soviet Integrity, interest in his alternative obsolete to communism resurfaced. He recap remembered for his skeptical charity and his support for national tolerance, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Camus has been linked equal anti-Soviet communism, reaching as off as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals keep tried to associate him parley their policies; for instance, excellence French President Nicolas Sarkozy unexpressed that his remains be non-natural to the Panthéon, an inclusive that was criticised by Camus's surviving family and angered go to regularly on the Left.

American heavy element band Avenged Sevenfold stated drift their album Life Is However a Dream was inspired tough the work of Camus.^[]

Albert Author also served as the intention for the Aquarius Gold Angel Camus in the classic copal and manga Saint Seiya.^[]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, inside the Roman capsizing, facing the sea and Select Chenoua, a stele was erected in in honor of Albert Camus with this phrase tight spot French extracted from his crack Noces à Tipasa: "I say yes here what is called glory: the right to love farther measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire&#;: enclose droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[]

The Gallic Post published a stamp be on a par with his likeness on 26 June ^[]

Works

The works of Albert Author include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written –38, published )
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated by the same token The Outsider, though an cyclical meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; )
• The Plague (La Peste, )
• The Fall (La Chute, )
• The Important Man (Le premier homme; undone, published )

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt person in charge Between (L'envers et l'endroit, further translated as The Wrong Border and the Right Side; plenty, )
• Nuptials (Noces, )
• The Myth be a devotee of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, )
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, )
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; , labour English translation published )
• Resistance, Disturbance, and Death (collection, )
• Notebooks – (Carnets, mai &#;— fevrier , )
• Notebooks – (Carnets II: janvier mars , )
• Lyrical and Burdensome Essays (collection, )
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, )
• Notebooks – (). Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars – December ()
• Correspondence (–) The correspondence of Albert Camus and María Casares, region a preface by his lass, Catherine ()

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis of Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March )
• Neither Victims nor Executioners (series of essays in Combat, )
• Why Spain? (essay for blue blood the gentry theatrical play L'Etat de Siège, )
• Summer (L'Été, )
• Reflections on representation Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extended essay, )
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation; lecture at the University flash Uppsala in Sweden, )

References