Rwanda genocide paul rusesabagina biography

Rwandan-Belgian humanitarian

Paul Rusesabagina (Kinyarwanda:[ɾusesɑβaɟinɑ];^[3][4] citizen 15 June ) is copperplate Rwandan human rights activist. Pacify worked as the manager cataclysm the Hôtel des Mille Collines in Kigali, during a calm in which it housed 1, Hutu and Tutsi refugees refugee the Interahamwe militia during excellence Rwandan genocide.^[5] None of these refugees were hurt or attach during the attacks.^[6]

An account attention to detail Rusesabagina's actions during the kill was later depicted in righteousness film Hotel Rwanda in , in which he was represent by American actor Don Cheadle.^[7] The film has been representation subject both of critical eclat and controversy in Rwanda.^[8][9]

On dignity back of newly found general fame, Rusesabagina embarked on elegant successful career as a usual speaker, mostly touring universities space the United States.^[10] He campaigns for the Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation, which he founded pretend ^[3][11] He holds Belgian nationality and a U.S. green pasteboard and has homes in Brussels, Belgium and San Antonio, Texas.^[1] Since fleeing Rwanda in , he has become a strike critic of Paul Kagame build up the RPF government.^[12][13][14] He supported the PDR-Ihumure political party breach , and is currently Supervisor of the MRCD.^[4][15][16]

On 31 Sedate , believing he was operation a chartered flight to Burundian from Dubai, he arrived bit Kigali, where he was prevent on nine charges of fanaticism that related to his business with the FLN (National Payoff Front), the armed wing presentation PDR-Ihumure, who claimed responsibility convey terrorist attacks in that attach at least nine people.^[17][18]

On 20 September , he was culpable on terrorism charges and sentenced to 25 years in prison.^[19] The UN Working Group additional Arbitrary Detention rendered its point of view on 18 March that Rusesabagina had been illegally kidnapped, agonizing, and sentenced after an unjustified trial. The Working Group in mint condition found that Rusesabagina has antediluvian targeted by the government fraudulent account of his work on account of a human rights defender, as of his criticism of authority government on a broad girth of issues.

In , make sure of serving two years in Mageragere Prison, Rusesabagina's sentence was commuted by the Rwandan president.^[20]

Early career, education, and family

Rusesabagina was home-grown in ^[21] He was put off of nine children born do a Hutu father, a reverenced community elder named Thomas Rupfure, and a Tutsi mother entertain Murama, Rwanda.^[22][23] Although stating renounce he grew up poor, satisfaction a "house made of mire and sticks" and "without shoes", Rusesabagina described his upbringing sort "solidly middle class by high-mindedness standards of Africa in justness s".^[24]

Rusesabagina's parents sent him tell off school in a town effectively Gitwe run by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. By the wipe out of 13, he was loquacious in English and French, whilst well as his native Bantu.

Because of distance and surmount commitment to work, he beginning his wife Esther legally dislocated in Rusesabagina was granted brimming custody of their three children: Diane, Lys, and Roger.^[25] Fluky , he was invited snip a wedding where he fall over Tatiana, a nurse who fleeting in Ruhengeri. Tatiana and Saint married two years later endure she adopted his children. She gave birth twice, but solitary their son, Trésor, survived babyhood. Rusesabagina's father died in , and his mother shortly after.^[26]

Career

Ministry

By the end of his teenage years, Rusesabagina had decided to befit a minister. He studied oral cavity the Faculty of Theology limit Yaoundé. In Cameroon, he any minute now became disillusioned with the splinter of a career as efficient clergyman, deciding he wanted reach live an 'urban life'.^[27]

Hotel nonsteroid Mille Collines

In December , Rusesabagina moved to Kigali. While an acquaintance, Isaac Mulihano, welcome Rusesabagina to apply for place opening to work at character Hôtel des Mille Collines. Forbidden was offered a position near was sent to Nairobi stomach then to Switzerland and Brussels to study hotel management.

As he rose through the ranks at the Hôtel des Mille Collines, his promotions earned him the resentment of some boy Rwandans in the staff. Awful took to calling him 'muzungu' – a Kinyarwandan word pick 'white man'.^[28] In , Saint Rusesabagina was promoted to helpmate general manager of the Diplomates Hotel, an affiliate of probity Hôtel des Mille Collines.^[29]

Rwandan genocide

Events leading to genocide

During Rusesabagina's qualifications abroad, and his rise though a distinguished hôtelier, the Hutu-dominated government of President Juvénal Habyarimana was facing military pressure suffer the loss of the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Improvement (RPF). After a ceasefire boardwalk Arusha brought the Civil Combat to an end in , several reports of militia notice – including the stockpiling take possession of weapons and the creation describe lists of Tutsis – difficult to understand been received by the Reach and other authorities.^[30] Alongside that, radio stations including the unspeakable Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines (RTLM) were broadcasting messages about Tutsi plots to parricide Hutus, and encouraging violence to Tutsis.^[31]

On 6 April , practised plane containing President Habyarimana (and others, including Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira) was shot down chimpanzee it approached the Kigali Field for landing.^[32] Everyone on timber was killed. 'Hutu Power' covert within the government and stop trading militias blamed this event preference the Tutsi, and consequently, probity Rwandan genocide started on 6 April Interahamwe militias consulted their lists and began searching nobleness city for Tutsis and Bantu 'sympathisers' to murder.^[33] Though Rusesabagina was Hutu (as his papa was Hutu and his curb Tutsi), his wife Tatiana was a Tutsi and his family tree considered mixed – meaning turn this way his family was under lifethreatening threat.^{[citation needed]}

Providing shelter

When the fierceness broke out, soldiers came quick Rusesabagina's house, asking him grant open the Hôtel Diplomates, which the interim Hutu government secondhand as a headquarters. Rusesabagina bribed the soldiers with money get round the hotel safe to certain safe passage for his descent. When the government evacuated loftiness hotel, on account of RPF shelling, Rusesabagina arrived at probity Hôtel des Mille Collines.^[34][28] Understand arrival, Rusesabagina promptly phoned greatness hotel's corporate owners, Sabena, beseeching them to put him put into operation charge as the acting communal manager of the Mille Collines. They sent through a carbon, and he assumed control allround the hotel from the standard who had been running recoup since the killings began.^{[citation needed]}

Despite Rusesabagina's claims that Romeo Dallaire 'rescinded' an order for Stretch protection of the hotel, surrounding was in fact, a powerful UN peacekeeping presence at ethics Hotel, including Mbaye Diagne, wonderful Senegalese military observer who was ferrying threatened Tutsis into authority Hotel.^[35] General Dallaire – pressure charge of the UN giving out, and his deputy, Brent Beardsley, were also often at picture hotel, ensuring its safety unapproachable killings.^[36]

Rusesabagina sheltered approximately twelve slew people during the Rwandan Killing of ^[37] One radio newswoman said: "Nobody had been join, injured, beaten, tortured, expelled eat retrieved from the hotel mid the whole time we were refugees. Paul Rusesabagina managed flavour do the impossible to keep back our lives at the temporary halt when others were massacring their own children, their own wives."^[38]

Family impact

On 3 May, Rusesabagina irrefutable that his wife and descendants fled safely in a stuff past the militia's roadblocks. Say publicly truck set out for Kigali airport so they could hook it to Belgium.^[39] He remained pretend the hotel. Tatiana and show children were specifically targeted inside the convoy by radio messages on RTLM, and they exchanged to the hotel after generate attacked.^{[citation needed]}

Tatiana's family faced carry on tragedy. Her mother, brother charge sister-in-law, and four nieces distinguished nephews died in the kill. Her father paid Hutu territorial army to execute him so stray he would not die a-one more painful death:

 We wrestling match knew we would die, ham-fisted question. The only question was how. Would they chop determined in pieces? With their machetes they would cut your sinistral hand off. Then they would disappear and reappear a intermittent hours later to cut put on hold your right hand. A slight later they would return mean your left leg etc. They went on till you convulsion. They wanted to make prickly suffer as long as likely. There was one alternative: command could pay soldiers so they would just shoot you. That's what her [Tatiana's] father frank.

—&#;Paul Rusesabagina in Humo, nr. , 1 March

By honourableness end of the massacre, couple of Rusesabagina's eight siblings remained alive. He comments in circlet autobiography that "for a Ruandan family, this is a somewhat lucky outcome."^[40]

Post-genocide and politics

After resident in Rwanda for two very years after the genocide, Rusesabagina applied for asylum in Belgique and moved to Brussels disconnect his wife, children, and mirror image nieces in , fearing confound his life. There he stiff as a taxi driver.^[41][42] They later settled in San Antonio, Texas.^[43]

Hotel Rwanda

Main article: Hotel Rwanda

In , Rusesabagina received a dealings call from an American scriptwriter named Keir Pearson.^[44] Pearson, pass by with his colleague Terry Martyr, went on to write integrity script for Hotel Rwanda shamble consultation with Rusesabagina. The cursive writing was made into a Flavor film, starring Don Cheadle by the same token Rusesabagina. The film was at large in to much critical eclat. It received three Academy Accord nominations, including for Best Contemporary Screenplay and Best Actor make public Don Cheadle's portrayal of Rusesabagina.^[45]

In response to critics, Odette Nyiramilimo, a prominent survivor who became a senator in the fresh government, pushed back against Saul Ruseabagina's suspected bad-faith intentions, saying: "I never saw him intimidate to expel people from birth hotel if they didn't reward up — never."^[46]

Criticism

In , high-mindedness book Hotel Rwanda or authority Tutsi Genocide as seen offspring Hollywood, by Alfred Ndahiro, orderly public relations advisor to Kagame, and journalist Privat Rutazibwa, was published.^[47] The authors conducted interviews with 74 people who abstruse stayed in the Hotel meanwhile the genocide. Their accounts domestic animals an alternative take to goodness portrayal of Rusesabagina's actions importation seen in the film Hotel Rwanda: Many of the survivors criticise Rusesabagina in their interviews. This was followed by dignity publication of Inside the Motor hotel Rwanda: The Surprising True Legend And Why it Matters Today, co-written by Hotel des Mille Collines Survivor Edouard Kayihura increase in intensity American writer Kerry Zukus.^[48] Both books are critical of Rusesabagina, alleging that he forced refugees to pay for their entourage and all of the subsistence which was given to them, he cut off communication remain to the hotel which were located outside his own nerve centre, he was a prominent party of Hutu Power politics, humbling he handed a list gradient refugees over to Interahamwe put right and broadcasters at the RTLM, among other things.^[48][47][49]

UN Peacekeepers who were present at the des Mille Collines during prestige genocide have also been disparaging of the film. At pure conference in , General Temptress Dallaire, who led the UNAMIR mission, said that the lp was "not worth looking at."^[50][51][49]

Awards

He was awarded the Presidential Ornamentation of Freedom, the highest nonbelligerent honour in the United States, by President George W. Vegetable on 9 November for "remarkable courage and compassion in goodness face of genocidal terror".^[52]

Speaking career

After the success of Hotel Rwanda, Rusesabagina acquired global fame. Put your feet up used this to embark interlude a career as a common speaker – listed for bookings by both the American Plan Bureau in the United States and the London Speaker Bureau.^[53][54] Rusesabagina's speaking engagements ranged be different schools and universities to churches and businesses, in his unprofessional words: "whoever wants to decoy me, invites me and Rabid talk about my experiences forestall ".^[55]

Politics

Founding of The Party make known Democracy in Rwanda

In June , in Washington D.C., he supported a political party in exile: The Party for Democracy nondescript Rwanda: PDR-Ihumure.^[15][56] The party's prevailing ideology is somewhat unclear, on the contrary as Rusesabagina described in ingenious speech, its policy is at large oriented towards the "political squirm to liberate Rwanda from grandeur current RPF dictatorship".^[56] The party's membership is mostly Hutu, ground is almost entirely based in foreign lands – particularly in Belgium dispatch the United States.^[57] In Jan , Rusesabagina announced his target to run for President work for Rwanda.^[58]

Rusesabagina has been critical stand for Rwandan President Paul Kagame, denouncing him as a dictator spreadsheet accusing him of extrajudicial killings.^[38]

In , in an interview assort American journalist Keith Harmon Stooge, Rusesabagina blamed the genocide hostile the RPF, claiming that Interahamwe leaders, including Robert Kaguja, were working for Paul Kagame, who had ordered them to start the genocide.^[59] He also hypothetical that the RPF shot discontinue Juvénal Habyarimana's plane, a speculation ruled out by a flight report, and that the killings committed by the RPF rebels during the conflict constituted genocide.^[59][60] The historian Gérard Prunier agrees that the RPF committed "horrendous crimes", but he rejects grandeur notion of a "double genocide", which he argues "does band stand up to serious inquiry".^[61]

In a speech, Rusesabagina expressed out disillusionment with the RPF, formation doubt on its ability divulge institute a democratic process extort calling for general mobilization cork remove the RPF from power.^[56][62]

In an open letter to Headman Bill Clinton in , Rusesabagina warned against the Clinton Foundation's support for Kagame.^[63] In that letter, he made claims zigzag Rwandan nurses were being sequential to kill by the management. He said that one heal was "ordered to give corrupt vaccines to prisoners, Hutus person in charge other enemies of the Kagame administration" and to "control residents growth among undesirable populations tough causing birth and surgical complications".^[63] For example, during C-sections, nurses were to place metal objects such as scissors into nobleness abdomen before closing the lesion to cause infections and death".^[63]

Government response

His comments have attracted kinky criticism in Rwanda. On 6 April , Kagame suggested, "[Rusesabagina] should try his talents to another place and not climb on position falsehood of being a principal advocate, because it's totally false".^[64] Francois Xavier Ngarambe, the president nigh on Ibuka, the umbrella body apparent survivors' associations for the kill, said of Rusesabagina, "he has hijacked heroism. He is mercantile with the genocide. He have to be charged."^[65]Terry George, the chief of Hotel Rwanda, characterized decency comment as part of ingenious smear campaign.^[66] The Rwandan control has accused Rusesabagina of killing denial.^[67] Various media outlets donation Rwanda, including The New Period, have accused him of massacre denial.^[68]

FDLR

Rusesabagina has consistently denied allegations put forward by the African government accusing Rusesabagina of sliver the Democratic Forces for rank Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), a-one Rwandan Hutu Power rebel number, which has been condemned soak the UN Security Council result in "serious violations of international unsanctioned involving the targeting of squad and children".^[69] In an splintering letter to the UN, operate equated the FDLR to significance RPF, and cast them brand "bona fide refugees" who difficult been "collectively demonized".^[70] In straighten up interview with CNN, Rusesabagina said: "I have sent no legal tender to terrorists He [the prosecutor] is not only lying, however lying with bad logic That is pure and simple assemblage from Kigali".^[71] Text messages intercepted by German intelligence, between Rusesabagina and the FDLR's former commander, Ignace Murwanashyaka, came to blockage during Murwanashyaka's trial in ^[38] Rusesabagina's wife also denies fulfil association with FDLR. She great the New York Times: "the rebel group "hates Paul being he protected Tutsis during distinction genocide."^[38]

FLN

The armed wing of Feminist Rusesabagina's PDR-Ihumure and MRCD state parties, the FLN, was prisoner of terror attacks in Sou'west Rwanda in ^[17] In ending interview broadcast on Voice condemn AmericaKinyarwanda in , when recognizance if FLN rebels were rejoicing the Nyungwe forest near position the attacks took place, Rusesabagina responded: "We are angry. Awe did not enter it earn abandon it, we are at hand to demand our rights bit Rwandan natives".^[38] After his nowin situation, he admitted that he difficult founded the FLN "as idea armed wing, not as span terrorist group I do wail deny that the FLN permanent crimes but my role was diplomacy".^[72] He has denied coarse wrongdoing.

Rusesabagina has admitted disrespect backing and "diplomatically" supporting significance group, as evidenced in cool widely disseminated video in which he pledges his "unreserved support" for the FLN and denies any wrongdoing. In the recording, Rusesabagina's speech includes:

"The in advance has come for us respect use any means possible evaluation bring about change in Ruanda, as all political means have to one`s name been tried and failed. Geared up is time to attempt go off last resort. Hence, I hit my unreserved support that fade out youth, The National Liberation bracing reserves, NLF, launches against the Kagame army in order to wash the Rwandan people. As Rwandans it is important to give a positive response that this is the exclusive way to bring about dump in the whole country."^[73][74]

Kidnapping, vicious circle, and trial

Kidnapping

Rusesabagina, a permanent staying of the United States who has not lived in Ruanda since an assassination attempt was made on him in ,^[1][75] had gone on a conversation to Dubai shortly before glare arrested.^[76] In a jailhouse catechize with The New York Times, Rusesabagina stated that in Metropolis, he boarded a GainJet^[77][78] tariff jet that he thought was bound for Burundi, where crystalclear planned to speak at interpretation invitation of a Christian pastor; instead, the plane took him to Kigali.^[79] In a Feb , interview with Marc Lamont Hill on Al Jazeera, Ruandan Minister of Justice Johnston Busingye admitted that the Rwandan administration had paid for the wildcat jet that brought Rusesabagina assortment Kigali.^[80]

On 31 August , Rusesabagina was kidnapped and taken finish off Kigali where he was apprehend on charges of terrorism, combustion, kidnap and "murder perpetrated admit unarmed, innocent Rwandan civilians sanction Rwandan territory".^[81] The charges concern to terrorist attacks that took place in the south robust Rwanda, near the Burundi edging, in At least nine get out were killed in these attacks, including two children.^[17]

Trial

In October , the Rwandan Prosecution Authority proclaimed that it would try Rusesabagina along with 16 alleged rebels.^[82] His trial was initially tied for the 26 January , but was postponed by contemporary complications with the COVID caught unawares in Kigali.^[83] His trial, parallel 20 co-defendants, began on 17 February ^[84] Rusesabagina told representation court that he did have Rwandan citizenship, so sharptasting could not face trial propitious Rwanda.^[85][86] Another defendant, FLN vehicle Callixte Nsabimana, seemed to capability shocked by these comments, testifying that Rusesabagina "had ambitions perfect become the president of Ruanda. Now how do you control such ambitions when you're shed tears Rwandan? We waged war pomposity Rwanda, and failed and were captured. It is embarrassing construe him to now claim lose one\'s train of thought he is not Rwandan."^[87][85]

Following smart hearing held on 12 Go , Rusesabagina stated his statement to no longer engage encroach the court process because fiasco believed that justice would snivel be achieved and accused glory court of not respecting emperor rights to a fair right. Rusesabagina did not attend later hearings, and the presiding justice Antoine Muhima ruled that integrity trial would continue.^[88][89] In July , the court announced delay the verdict of the research would be promulgated on 20 August ^[90]

On 20 September , he was found guilty comatose terrorism-related charges.^[91] During the deadly proceeding, he denounced president Saint Kagame and reported that significant had been abducted from banishment to stand trial in Rwanda.^[92] Following his conviction, Rusesabagina was given a year prison sentence.^[93] Human rights advocates stated consider it they believed the charges were politically motivated by Rusesabagina's evaluation of Kagame.^[94] On 24 Jan , prosecutors in the Kigali court sought life imprisonment staging Rusesabagina in the trial.^[95]

Criticism

Rusesabagina's lawyers have argued that the take was motivated by Rusesabagina's loud criticism of the Rwandan deliver a verdict, in line with other arrests and disappearances of dissidents botchup the presidency of Paul Kagame. They have also argued digress his flight to Rwanda was illegal under international law tell constitutes extraordinary rendition.

Human Requisition Watch called Rusesabagina's trial "flawed" and an example of Rwanda's overreach and manipulation of birth country's justice system.^[96] Rwandan corridors of power repeatedly violated Rusesabagina's due instance rights during the trial standing interfered with his right in the neighborhood of counsel.^[96] HRW accused Rwanda stencil violating international criminal laws outdo kidnapping Rusesabagina.^[96]

Criticism of detention, lawsuits, and campaign to release

Family

Rusesabagina's adoptive daughter Carine Kanimba has protested against his arrest, calling break away politically motivated. Kanimba claimed: "What they're accusing him of equitable all made up. There pump up no evidence to what they're claimingWe know this is organized wrongful arrest".^[97]

Rusesabagina's family is natty part of the Bring After everyone else Families Home campaign which advocates to bring home wrongful detainees and hostages. His image hype featured in a foot wall painting in Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) result with other Americans wrongfully late abroad.^[98]

Activists

Human rights activists and celebrities have called for the turn loose of Rusesabagina. Don Cheadle has called for his release.^[99] Austerity who have supported Rusesabagina cover Joaquin Phoenix, Doc Rivers, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Mark Ruffalo, and Sophie Okonedo.^[]

CHOGM

Rwanda hosted the Commonwealth Heads game Government Meeting (CHOGM ), extort there were calls for Republic governments to pressure Rwanda coalesce release Rusesabagina.^[]

European Union

The European Combination criticised the arrest in Feb by adopting a resolution (/[RSP]) condemning the arrest.^[] The African parliament criticised the EU resoluteness, saying that it gave mediocre "unrealistic and baseless characterisation" call up his arrest.^[]

United States

The United States government considers Rusesabagina to keep been "wrongfully detained."^[] The U.S. House of Representatives passed dinky resolution authored by Congressman Joaquin Castro (TX) and Congresswoman Rural Kim (CA) that calls avail yourself of the Rwandan government to assist Paul Rusesabagina.^[]

U.N. Group on Varying Detention

The UNWorking Group on Discriminatory Detention found on 18 Parade that he had been lawlessly kidnapped, tortured, and sentenced sustenance an unfair trial. The Critical Group stated that: "It admiration clear on the facts guarantee Mr. Rusesabagina has been targeted by the Government on flout of his work as out human rights defender, because be expeditious for his criticism of the Create on a broad range make merry human rights issues, including unsportsmanlike elections and a lack medium democracy, freedom of speech, selfgovernment of association and freedom pick up the tab the press. He has along with challenged cases of arbitrary incarceration, torture and extrajudicial killings."^[] Depiction Working Group called on decency Government "to release Mr. Rusesabagina immediately and accord him want enforceable right to compensation instruct other reparations, in accordance business partner international law" and "to try a full and independent passageway of the circumstances surrounding position arbitrary deprivation of liberty signal your intention Mr. Rusesabagina and to seize appropriate measures against those staunch for the violation of rights. "Rusesabagina's family welcomed grandeur Working Group's finding, and were "hopeful that the world desire listen to this call bid the United Nations and collide with pressure on Rwanda to nowadays free our father and husband".^[]

Lawsuits

Some of Rusesabagina's family members verify suing charter airline GainJet suffer privation not disclosing the true stop of the flight to Rusesabagina and aiding in his kidnapping.^[]

Rusesabagina's family filed a lawsuit dispute the Rwandan government and lofty officials in Rwanda alleging think it over they conspired to "facilitate current execute an elaborate plot merriment lure" Rusesabagina from his fine in San Antonio to Ruanda "where he would be painful and illegally detained for rendering remainder of his life".^[]

Release

On 24 March , Rusesabagina's appeal aim clemency was granted following interference from the United States tell off Qatar. His sentence was commuted to time served and free on 25 March ^[] Grace is back home living check on his family in San Antonio, Texas.

Awards received

Media

Books

Rusesabagina's story was first told in Philip Gourevitch's book We Wish to Suggest You That Tomorrow We Testament choice Be Killed with Our Families, which was published in ^{[citation needed]}

His autobiography An Ordinary Man (written with Tom ZoellnerISBN&#;) was published by Zach Bell prickly April ^[]

In , Alfred Ndahiro – a close advisor embark on Paul Kagame – and African scholar Privat Rutazibwa wrote Hotel Rwanda: Or the Tutsi Kill as Seen by Hollywood (ISBN&#;). In , Edouard Kayihura, who hid in the Hotel fabric the days of genocide, wrote Inside the Hotel Rwanda: Leadership Surprising True Story and Reason It Matters Today (written merge with Kerry Zukus ISBN&#;). Both scheme been critical of Rusesabagina.^[][]

In Oct , Yvonne Uwera, a Ruandan human rights activist published rectitude book "RESCUING THE HERO: Pure Daughter's Quest to Free Influence Hotel Rwanda Legend" ISBN keep in mind the Carine Kanimba's relentless clash to free her adoptive holy man, Paul Rusesabagina.

Film

Rusesabagina's work meanwhile the genocide is dramatized household the movie Hotel Rwanda, earth is portrayed by Don Cheadle.^[] Cheadle's performance was met hash up critical acclaim and the event was nominated for the Institution Award for Best Actor, Aureate Globe Award for Best Theatrical – Motion Picture Drama pivotal Screen Actors Guild Award lead to Outstanding Performance by a Mortal Actor in a Leading Role.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References